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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-yield synthesis and characterization of 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2023-2027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,2,-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane ; crosslinker ; network structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantitative synthesis and complete characterization of 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (p,p-BVPE) and its meta-, para-mixed isomers are reported. These crosslinkers copolymerize randomly with p-methylstyrene, leading to random crosslink distributions. The crosslinkers are prepared by Grignard coupling of (m,p)-vinylbenzyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran at low temperature to give the statistical mixture of m,m-, m,p-, and p,p-isomers in quantitative yield. Pure p-vinylbenzyl chloride is converted to pure p,p-BVPE. p,p-BVPE has also been separated from the mixture of isomers. The isomers are characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR and by reversed-phase HPLC. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1994.080321103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1055-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320622
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent reactive mixing with a series-parallel reaction: Effect of mixing on yield (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1312-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yield of a nonpremixed series-parallel reaction at complete conversion was measured in a turbulent, tubular-flow reactor with single and multijet feeds. The yield of the intermediate decreased as mixing was slowed relative to the chemical kinetics, either by decreasing the Reynolds number, or by using a less efficient mixing device, or by increasing the feed concentration.Four models, a modified slab model, a modified stretch model, the Harada mass transfer model, and a new closure model, adequately predict the yield when chemical and mixing kinetics are known from independent measurements of the conversion of acid-base reactions. Without modification, the original slab and stretch models are unable to account for the earlier observed invariance of conversion to Schmidt number of very rapid, single-step reactions or to satisfactorily predict the yield of the series-parallel reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320809
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a cellulose acetate permeator with permeability-influenced feed (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1610-1612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361023
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A kinetic study of ozone-phenol reaction in aqueous solutions (1979)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 25 (1979), S. 583-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2.The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction.A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690250403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of spin relaxation and local motion between symmetrically and asymmetrically ring-substituted bisphenol units in dissolved polycarbonates (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1419-1430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Carbon-13 and proton spin-lattice relaxation times were measured at two field strengths on solutions 10% by weight of two polycarbonates in C2D2Cl4 from -20 to +120°C. The first polycarbonate is an asymmetrically substituted form with one chlorine on one of the two phenylene aromatic rings of the bisphenol unit, whereas the second polycarbonate is symmetrically substituted with two chlorines on each of the two rings. The nuclear spin relaxation data are interpreted in terms of several local motions likely in these polymers. Segmental motion was described by the Hall-Helfand correlation function. Segmental motion in the monosubstituted polycarbonate is somewhat slower than in unsubstituted polycarbonate, whereas segmental motion in the tetrasubstituted polycarbonate is considerably slower. Phenylene ring rotation is observed in unsubstituted polycarbonate and in the monosubstituted polycarbonate above 40°C. Below 40°C in the monosubstituted species, and at all temperatures in the tetrasubstituted species, ring rotation is replaced by ring libration as the predominant motion contributing to spin lattice relaxation. In addition, the rotational motion of the two types of rings in the asymmetric monosubstituted form are very similar although not identical. The substituted ring is slightly less mobile than the rings of unsubstituted polycarbonate. This indicates a strong coupling of ring motion, although the coupling leads to less than synchronous motion. Methyl group rotation is present in both polymers and is little affected by the various structural modifications.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250705
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation phenomena of polysulfone/solvent/organic nonsolvent and polyethersulfone/solvent/organic nonsolvent systems (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 1693-1700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The precipitation values (PVs) of several organic nonsolvents in polysulfone (PSf)/solvent and polyethersulfone (PESf)/solvent systems were measured in temperatures ranging from 10 to 80°C by the direct titration method and compared with those of water in the same systems. The solvents used were N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC); the organic nonsolvents employed were methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol as well as acetic acid and propionic acid. The compositions of nonsolvent, polymer, and solvent at the precipitation points for different polymer concentrations up to 10 wt % were also determined at 30°C with respect to both the polymers and six nonsolvents presented. These results were used to obtain the polymer precipitation curves in the polymer-solvent-nonsolvent triangular phase diagrams and to determine the theta composition of solvent-nonsolvent for a polymer. The results show that the precipitation value of nonsolvent in polymer/solvent systems depends on both the nature of polymer, solvent, and nonsolvent used and the temperature. The effect of temperature on the precipitation value was observed to be dramatically different for different polymer/solvent/nonsolvent systems. These results were explained on the basis of polar and nonpolar interactions of the polymer, solvent, and nonsolvent system. The results indicate that the precipitation values of the type presented in this paper not only give a relative measure of the nonsolvent tolerance of the polymer/solvent system involved and the strength of solvent and nonsolvent for the polymer, but also determine the relative location of the polymer precipitation curve in the triangular phase diagram. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070501003
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unsymmetrical diisocyanates. III. The kinetics of reactions of DEMDI (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 935-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the previous investigation it was found that 3,5-diethyl-4,4'-diisocyanatodiphenylmethane (DEMDI) exhibits a marked asymmetry in the reaction with isoamyl alcohol. Since DEMDI is potentially rather cheap, and since the unsymmetrical nature of the diisocyanate is quite advantageous in certain urethane formulations, the reactions of this diisocyanate with a series of model compounds were investigated. The model compounds were chosen so as to represent the important classes of functional groups commonly reacted with diisocyanates in the preparation of polyurethanes. The compounds used were isoamyl alcohol, 2-octanol, water, 2,6-diethylaniline, 1-n-butyl-3-phenylurea, and 1-(4-n-butylphenyl)-3-(methylphenyl)-urea. The reactions were conducted in dry diglyme solvent. The extent of reaction of the isocyanate groups was followed by reaction with excess di-n-butylamine and back-titration with hydrochloric acid. Tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine and dibutyltin dilaurate were used as catalysts in some runs. The results show that DEMDI has a desirably high asymmetry of reaction with alcohols or water at low temperatures. Catalysis with dibutyl dilaurate markedly increases this asymmetry. An increase in temperature generally decreases the asymmetry of DEMDI reactions, so that elevated temperatures should be avoided in prepolymer formation. The dibutyltin dilaurate is a more effective catalyst than the diamine for all of the reactions studied. The diamines are very poor catalysts for urea reactions, whereas the tin compound is quite effective.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080230
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of fatigue crack growth behavior and damage mechanisms of fiber/metal laminates under uniaxial and biaxial loading (1995)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 16 (1995), S. 52-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The response of the aramid reinforced aluminum-epoxy-laminate to uniaxial and biaxial fatigue loading has been investigated. The fracture process in the laminates propagates mainly in the form of cracks in aluminum layers, delaminations between the resin-rich and fiber-rich prepreg layers, splitting in prepreg layers and fiber fracture. Ultrasonic microscopy has been used to evaluate the shape and size of the damage zone. The ultrasonic images have been calibrated by means of SEM and optical microscopy of the laminates with sequential removal of the layers. Microscopic examination reveals a direct correlation between delamination, fiber fracture, and fatigue crack growth in the aluminum layer. The results of this investigation strongly suggest that the laminate resistance to tension-tension biaxial fatigue is superior to that under uniaxial loading conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750160108
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