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  • Articles  (27)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (20)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (20)
  • Polygalacturonase  (7)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of chimeric transgene architecture on co-ordinated gene silencing (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 204 (1998), S. 499-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Chromoplast ; Gene silencing ; Phytoene synthase ; Polygalacturonase ; Lycopersicon ; Transgene architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Two gene constructs were made consisting of a 244-bp sense fragment from the 5′ end of a polygalacturonase cDNA, the 3′ end of which was ligated to a 414-bp fragment from the 5′ end of a phytoene synthase cDNA. In the first construct, the phytoene synthase fragment was in a sense orientation (sense/sense chimeric gene) and in the second construct the phytoene synthase fragment was in an antisense orientation (sense/antisense chimeric gene). Both chimeric genes were inserted between a cauliflower mosaic virus promoter and terminator. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig) plants transformed with each construct gave rise to transformants with three distinct phenotypes: plants with red fruit, plants with pure yellow fruit and plants with red and yellow sectored fruit. For both chimeric constructs, expression of the endogenous polygalacturonase and phytoene synthase genes were found to be co-ordinately suppressed in yellow tissue, but showed normal expression in red tissue. Data from microscopic analyses of fruit chromoplasts, from the three phenotypes, implied that phytoene synthase suppression from each construct predominantly had two states within a cell: on or off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050284
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of polygalacturonase during tomato fruit ripening (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 155 (1982), S. 64-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Lycopersicon ; Mutant (tomato) ; Polygalacturonase ; Ripening (fruit)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell wall degrading enzyme polygalacturonase (E.C. 3.2.1.15) is not detectable in green tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Activity appears at the onset of ripening and in ripe fruit it is one of the major cell-wall-bound proteins. Radioimmunoassay results, employing an antibody against purified polygalacturonase, suggest that during ripening the enzyme is synthesised de novo. Radioimmunoassay data also show that the low level of polygalacturonase in “Never ripe” mutants and the lack of activity in “ripening inhibitor” mutants can be correlated to the levels of immunologically detectable polygalacturonase protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402933
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Timing of ethylene and polygalacturonase synthesis in relation to the control of tomato fruit ripening (1983)
    Springer
    Planta 157 (1983), S. 174-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ethylene and fruit ripening ; Fruit ripening ; Lycopersicon (C2H4 and ripening) ; Polygalacturonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A critical role in the initiation of ripening has been proposed for pectolytic enzymes which are known to be involved in fruit softening. The hypothesis that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) ripening is controlled by the initial synthesis of the cell-wall-degrading enzyme polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15), which subsequently liberates cell-wall-bound enzymes responsible for the initiation of ethylene synthesis and other ripening events, has been examined. A study of kinetics of ethylene evolution and polygalacturonase synthesis by individual fruits in a ripening series, employing an immunological method and protein purification to identify and measure polygalacturonase synthesis, showed that ethylene evolution preceded polygalacturonase synthesis by 20h. Exogenous ethylene stimulated the synthesis of polygalacturonase and other ripening events, when applied to mature green fruit, whereas the maintenance of fruits in a low ethylene environment delayed ripening and polygalacturonase synthesis. It is concluded that enhanced natural ethylene synthesis occurs prior to polygalacturonase production and that ethylene is responsible for triggering polygalacturonase synthesis indirectly. Possible mechanisms for ethylene action are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393652
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The appearance of polygalacturonase mRNA in tomatoes: one of a series of changes in gene expression during development and ripening (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 163 (1985), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Fruit ripening ; Lycopersicon (fruit ripening) ; mRNA (tomato ripening) ; Polygalacturonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato mRNA was extracted from individual fruits at different stages of development and ripening, translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the protein products analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that there are at least two classes of mRNA under separate developmental control. One group of approximately six mRNAs is present during fruit growth and then declines at the mature-green stage. Another group of between four and eight mRNAs increases substantially in amount at the onset of ripening, after the start of enhanced ethylene synthesis by the fruit, and continues to accumulate as ripening progresses. Studies of protein synthesis in vivo show that several new proteins are synthesised by ripening fruits including the fruit-softening enzyme polygalacturonase. One of the ripening-related mRNAs is shown to code for polygalacturonase, by immunoprecipitation with serum from rabbits immunised against the purified tomato enzyme. Polygalacturonase mRNA is not detectable in green fruit but accumulates during ripening. It is proposed that the ripening-related mRNAs are the products of a group of genes that code for enzymes important in the ripening process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393517
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization of a tomato polygalacturonase gene abundantly expressed in the upper third of pistils from opened and unopened flowers (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 680-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Pistil ; Polygalacturonase ; Tomato ; Gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A polygalacturonase (PG) gene, TPG7 (Lyces;Pga1;8), has been cloned from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Rutgers). RNA blot analysis reveals that TPG7 is highly expressed in pistils (ovary removed) from unopened and fully open flowers. Dissection of mature pistils demonstrated that TPG7 expression is limited to the top third (stigmatic region) of the pistils. This is contrasted with another tomato PG, TAPG4, which is also expressed in the same region of the pistil but only in mature pistils from fully open flowers. Hybridization of the TPG7 probe to anther RNA was nil to none and was barely detectable in RNA from leaf and flower abscission zones. The TPG7 polypeptide shares 39% sequence identity with the tomato fruit PG and between 63% and 73% sequence identities with six other tomato PGs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002999900175
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polygalacturonase expression during leaf abscission of normal and transgenic tomato plants (1991)
    Springer
    Planta 183 (1991), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscission (leaf) ; Leaf (abscission) ; Lyco persicon (abscission) ; Polygalacturonase ; Transgenic tomato (antisense RNA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15), an enzyme commonly found in ripening fruit, has also been shown to be associated with abscission. A zone-specific rise in PG activity accompanies the abscission of both leaves and flowers of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. Studies of transgenic plants expressing an antisense RNA for fruit PG indicate that although the enzyme activity in transgenic fruit is 〈 1 % of that in untransformed fruit, the PG activity in the leaf abscission zone increases during separation to a similar value to that in untransformed plants. The timing and rate of leaf abscission in transgenic plants are unaffected by the introduction of the antisense gene. A polyclonal antibody raised against tomato fruit PG does not recognise the leaf abscission protein. Furthermore a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone (pTOM6), which has been demonstrated to code for fruit PG, does not hybridise to mRNA isolated from the abscission-zone region of tomato leaves. These results indicate that the PG protein in abscission zones of tomato is different from that in the fruit, and that the gene coding for this protein may also be different.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197577
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flower abscission in mutant tomato plants (1984)
    Springer
    Planta 160 (1984), S. 164-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Abscission (flower) ; Flower ; β-1-4-Glucanase ; Lycopersicon (abscission) ; Mutant (tomato) ; Polygalacturonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two mutations of the tomato known as Never ripe (Nr) and ripening inhibitor (rin) on abscission of the flowers was investigated. In the presence of ethylene the rate of abscission of normal and rin explants was similar, while that of Nr explants was delayed. The appearance and subsequent increases in both polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) and β-1-4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) enzyme activities were similar in normal and rin explants, but retarded in Nr explants. Of these two, only polygalacturonase activity was exclusively associated with abscission-zone tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392865
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory control of regeneration in nemertean wormsThesis submitted to the Department of Zoology of the University of Illinois in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant (NSF-G5542) administered by Dr. S. Meryl Rose. (1959)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 105 (1959), S. 569-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051050307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The digging behavior and skin differentiations in Heterocephalus glaber (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 51-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The topography and histology of the skin of the naked mole (Heterocephalus glaber) have been correlated with its behavior. The integument is exceptionally loose, thereby reducing integumentary stresses when the animal is digging and moving in narrow tunnels. It also allows the position of the nasolabial sensory patch to change. This patch is exposed to mechanical stimuli when Heterocephalus moves along the tunnel, but becomes partially shielded by a transient buccal evagination, the formation and function of which are here described. Most of the differentiated patches of the skin lie in the cranial and anogenital regions. The eyes are microphthalmic and nearly completely closed by the nonmobile eyelids; there is no pinna, hair-coat or sweat glands.The epidermis is of variable thickness; in some places it has only one layer of cells. The detached epidermal cells penetrate the dermis irregularly.The epidermis of Heterocephalus is specialized by modifications of its germinative stratum, equivalent to an epidermosis, the syndrome of which consists of reduction of all types of epidermal buddings - pilogenetic and adenogenetic - as well as those which have a mechanical significance.
    Additional Material: 45 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tension in the culture dish: Microfilament organization and migratory behavior of quail neural crest cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neural crest ; migratory behavior ; microfilaments ; stress fibers ; tractional force ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated one aspect of the migratory behavior of quail neural crest (NC) cells by comparing the organization of microfilament bundles and the ability to distort migratory substrata by NC, somite, and notochord cells in vitro. In contrast to the numerous cytoplasmic stress fibers in somite-derived fibroblasts and notochord cells revealed by rhodamine-phalloidin staining and thin-section electron microscopy, microfilaments in NC cells are restricted to the cell cortex. To test the relative degrees of tension generated by these cell types on the underlying substratum, cells were cultured in collagen gels and on distortable silicone rubber sheets. Explanted somites and notochords produced dramatic radial alignment of 750 μg/ml collagen gels, whereas neural crest cells only aligned gels of lower concentrations. Fibroblasts did not migrate individually from explanted somites and notochords into 250 μg/ml collagen gels as readily as into higher concentration collagen lattices. In contrast, neural crest cells migrated into matrices of low concentration as well as into higher concentration collagen gels. Neural crest cells and their pigmented derivatives did not distort silicone rubber sheets, whereas somite and notochord-derived fibroblasts wrinkle this substratum after 4 days in culture. Thus, the differences in organization of the actin cytoskeleton reflect the tractional force exerted by these cells on their substratum. We hypothesize that the migratory behavior of NC cells in vivo may be related to their ability to translocate through embryonic extracellular matrices while generating relatively weak adhesions with the substratum, whereas the stronger forces generated by other embryonic cell types upon the delicate extracellular matrix may restrict their migration and may be associated with other morphogenetic events.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050305
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