ALBERT

Description: The immune system influences the fate of developing cancers by not only functioning as a tumour promoter that facilitates cellular transformation, promotes tumour growth and sculpts tumour cell immunogenicity, but also as an extrinsic tumour suppressor that either destroys developing tumours or restrains their expansion. Yet, clinically apparent cancers still arise in immunocompetent individuals in part as a consequence of cancer-induced immunosuppression. In many individuals, immunosuppression is mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), two immunomodulatory receptors expressed on T cells. Monoclonal-antibody-based therapies targeting CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 (checkpoint blockade) have yielded significant clinical benefits-including durable responses--to patients with different malignancies. However, little is known about the identity of the tumour antigens that function as the targets of T cells activated by checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and whether these antigens can be used to generate vaccines that are highly tumour-specific. Here we use genomics and bioinformatics approaches to identify tumour-specific mutant proteins as a major class of T-cell rejection antigens following anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 therapy of mice bearing progressively growing sarcomas, and we show that therapeutic synthetic long-peptide vaccines incorporating these mutant epitopes induce tumour rejection comparably to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Although mutant tumour-antigen-specific T cells are present in progressively growing tumours, they are reactivated following treatment with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 and display some overlapping but mostly treatment-specific transcriptional profiles, rendering them capable of mediating tumour rejection. These results reveal that tumour-specific mutant antigens are not only important targets of checkpoint blockade therapy, but they can also be used to develop personalized cancer-specific vaccines and to probe the mechanistic underpinnings of different checkpoint blockade treatments.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4279952/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4279952/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gubin, Matthew M -- Zhang, Xiuli -- Schuster, Heiko -- Caron, Etienne -- Ward, Jeffrey P -- Noguchi, Takuro -- Ivanova, Yulia -- Hundal, Jasreet -- Arthur, Cora D -- Krebber, Willem-Jan -- Mulder, Gwenn E -- Toebes, Mireille -- Vesely, Matthew D -- Lam, Samuel S K -- Korman, Alan J -- Allison, James P -- Freeman, Gordon J -- Sharpe, Arlene H -- Pearce, Erika L -- Schumacher, Ton N -- Aebersold, Ruedi -- Rammensee, Hans-Georg -- Melief, Cornelis J M -- Mardis, Elaine R -- Gillanders, William E -- Artyomov, Maxim N -- Schreiber, Robert D -- P01 AI054456/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AR048335/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA091842/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA101942/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI091965/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA043059/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA190700/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA043059/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009547/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA00954729/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA141541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 27;515(7528):577-81. doi: 10.1038/nature13988.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tubingen, Germany. ; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; 1] Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA. ; The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA. ; ISA Therapeutics B.V., 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands. ; Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA. ; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland [2] Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. ; 1] ISA Therapeutics B.V., 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands [2] Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands. ; 1] The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA [2] Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428507" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉