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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hunger-dependent predator inspection and foraging behaviours in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) under predation risk (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Predation risk ; Hunger ; Predator inspection ; Foraging ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual fish commonly leave the relative safety of the shoal to approach potential predators at a distance. Not all members of a shoal are equally likely to initiate such predator inspection visits. Here, we show for the first time that the current hunger state of individual fish strongly influences their predator inspection behaviour, as well as their foraging rate, in the face of predation hazard. When all members of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) test shoals were in a similar hunger state, they were equally likely to inspect a trout predator model alone and did not differ in the frequency of their inspection visits or foraging rate. However, when individual sticklebacks in a shoal differed in their hunger state, the food-deprived (i.e. hungrier) member of the shoal fed at a higher rate, was significantly more likely to initiate solitary predator inspection visits, and inspected the predator model significantly more often than its less hungry (i.e. well-fed) shoal mates. Individual fish which inspected the predator model more frequently also tended to have higher feeding rates. The results indicate that the hungrier fish in a shoal are more willing to take greater risks to inspect a potential threat at a distance, compared with their well-fed shoal mates, and suggest that they may gain a foraging benefit in doing so. If marked asymmetries in hunger state exist among members of fish shoals, then mutual cooperation during predator inspection visits may be difficult to achieve because well-fed individuals are not as likely to initiate or participate in inspection visits as are hungry individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209782
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hunger-dependent predator inspection and foraging behaviours in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) under predation risk (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words: Predation risk ; Hunger ; Predator inspection ; Foraging ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Individual fish commonly leave the relative safety of the shoal to approach potential predators at a distance. Not all members of a shoal are equally likely to initiate such predator inspection visits. Here, we show for the first time that the current hunger state of individual fish strongly influences their predator inspection behaviour, as well as their foraging rate, in the face of predation hazard. When all members of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) test shoals were in a similar hunger state, they were equally likely to inspect a trout predator model alone and did not differ in the frequency of their inspection visits or foraging rate. However, when individual sticklebacks in a shoal differed in their hunger state, the food-deprived (i.e. hungrier) member of the shoal fed at a higher rate, was significantly more likely to initiate solitary predator inspection visits, and inspected the predator model significantly more often than its less hungry (i.e. well-fed) shoal mates. Individual fish which inspected the predator model more frequently also tended to have higher feeding rates. The results indicate that the hungrier fish in a shoal are more willing to take greater risks to inspect a potential threat at a distance, compared with their well-fed shoal mates, and suggest that they may gain a foraging benefit in doing so. If marked asymmetries in hunger state exist among members of fish shoals, then mutual cooperation during predator inspection visits may be difficult to achieve because well-fed individuals are not as likely to initiate or participate in inspection visits as are hungry individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01209782
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hunger-dependent predator inspection and foraging behaviours in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) under predation risk (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Predation risk ; Hunger ; Predator inspection ; Foraging ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual fish commonly leave the relative safety of the shoal to approach potential predators at a distance. Not all members of a shoal are equally likely to initiate such predator inspection visits. Here, we show for the first time that the current hunger state of individual fish strongly influences their predator inspection behaviour, as well as their foraging rate, in the face of predation hazard. When all members of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) test shoals were in a similar hunger state, they were equally likely to inspect a trout predator model alone and did not differ in the frequency of their inspection visits or foraging rate. However, when individual sticklebacks in a shoal differed in their hunger state, the food-deprived (i.e. hungrier) member of the shoal fed at a higher rate, was significantly more likely to initiate solitary predator inspection visits, and inspected the predator model significantly more often than its less hungry (i.e. well-fed) shoal mates. Individual fish which inspected the predator model more frequently also tended to have higher feeding rates. The results indicate that the hungrier fish in a shoal are more willing to take greater risks to inspect a potential threat at a distance, compared with their well-fed shoal mates, and suggest that they may gain a foraging benefit in doing so. If marked asymmetries in hunger state exist among members of fish shoals, then mutual cooperation during predator inspection visits may be difficult to achieve because well-fed individuals are not as likely to initiate or participate in inspection visits as are hungry individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197006
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of delamination (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This paper reviews our understanding of the influence of delamination on the fracture sequence and final fracture of graphite-epoxy laminates. The emphasis here is on tensile fracture.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Failure Anal. and Mech. of Failure of Fibrous Composite Struct.; p 191-240
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A study of stiffness, residual strength and fatigue life relationships for composite laminates (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Qualitative and quantitative exploration of the relationship between stiffness, strength, fatigue life, residual strength, and damage of unnotched, graphite/epoxy laminates subjected to tension loading. Clarification of the mechanics of the tension loading is intended to explain previous contradictory observations and hypotheses; to develop a simple procedure to anticipate strength, fatigue life, and stiffness changes; and to provide reasons for the study of more complex cases of compression, notches, and spectrum fatigue loading. Mathematical models are developed based upon analysis of the damage states. Mathematical models were based on laminate analysis, free body type modeling or a strain energy release rate. Enough understanding of the tension loaded case is developed to allow development of a proposed, simple procedure for calculating strain to failure, stiffness, strength, data scatter, and shape of the stress-life curve for unnotched laminates subjected to tension load.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-CR-172211 , NAS 1.26:172211
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Hygrothermal damage mechanisms in graphite-epoxy composites (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: T300/5209 and T300/5208 graphite epoxy laminates were studied experimentally and analytically in order to: (1) determine the coupling between applied stress, internal residual stress, and moisture sorption kinetics; (2) examine the microscopic damage mechanisms due to hygrothermal cycling; (3) evaluate the effect of absorbed moisture and hygrothermal cycling on inplane shear response; (4) determine the permanent loss of interfacial bond strength after moisture absorption and drying; and (5) evaluate the three dimensional stress state in laminates under a combination of hygroscopic, thermal, and mechanical loads. Specimens were conditioned to equilibrium moisture content under steady exposure to 55% or 95% RH at 70 C or 93 C. Some specimens were tested subsequent to moisture conditioning and 100 cycles between -54 C and either 70 C or 93 C.
    Keywords: COMPOSITE MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-CR-3189 , LMSC-D626480
    Format: application/pdf
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