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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and effects of heavy metals on soil microbial biomass survival during laboratory incubation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; CO2−C evolution ; Heavy metals ; Microbial biomass C ; Metabolic quotient ; Soil incubation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this work we studied the influence of Pb, Zn, and Tl on microbial biomass survival and activity during a laboratory incubation of soil. In comparison to uncontaminated soil, the microbial biomass C decreased sharply in soil contaminated with Zn and Tl, whereas the addition of Pb did not have any significant inhibitory effect on the level of microbial biomass C. Zn displayed the greatest biocidal effect, confirmed by the measurement of the death rate quotient (q D). The microbial activity, measured as CO2 evolution, increased significantly in contaminated soils, emphasizing the need of living organisms to expend more energy to survive. The greater demand for energy by microorganisms in order to cope with the toxicity of pollutants was also confirmed by measurement of the metabolic quotient (q CO2). In order to determine whether soil microorganisms affect the bioavailability of these metals through their mobilization and release, we studied the relationships between available Pb, Zn, and Tl, and microbial biomass C. The water-soluble fraction of Tl, available Tl, and Zn, and microbial biomass C were related significantly, but not Pb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336144
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water- and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances fractions as a source of iron for Fe-deficient cucumber plants (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Humic substances ; Cucumber ; Iron nutrition ; Iron deficiency ; Root acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of Fe-deficient cucumber plants to utilise water-extractable and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances as a source of Fe was investigated. Plants were grown for 13 days in nutrient solution in the presence or absence of Fe and during the last 7 days water-extractable and pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances were added to the solution at a final concentration of 5 μg organic C ml–1. The water-extractable humic fraction did not significantly modify leaf area and dry matter accumulation, leaf total Fe or chlorophyll content of cucumber plants adequately supplied with Fe. In contrast, pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances caused a slight but significant decrease of all the leaf parameters considered, with the exception of the chlorophyll content. Root Fe content of Fe-sufficient plants was decreased by more than 50% in the presence of each humified fraction. Addition of each humic fraction to Fe-deficient plants led to a partial disappearance of leaf chlorosis symptoms with a significant increase in chlorophyll and leaf Fe content. Fe content of roots was also significantly increased in Fe-deficient plants by the addition of humic substances to the nutrient solution. These results show that Fe-deficient cucumber plants can utilise Fe contained in the two fractions of humified organic matter. However, by calculating the amount of total Fe accumulated per plant in the presence of water-extractable or pyrophosphate-extractable humic substances, it could be seen that Fe contained in the water-extractable humic fraction was almost totally used by Fe-deficient cucumber plants, while that present in the pyrophosphate-extractable fraction could only be partially absorbed. The results strongly support a role of humified organic matter in Fe nutrition of plants and are discussed in terms of a possible interaction between soil humic substances and the biochemical mechanisms involved in the plant response to Fe deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050337
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of nitrogen (15N) from oxamide and urea applied to turf grass: A lysimeter study (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; 15N ; oxamide ; slow release fertilizer ; soil microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Slow release N fertilizers are receiving increasing attention for use on turf grass, but their fate in the plant-soil system is still poorly understood. We aimed to quantify the uptake and recovery of N by a mixture of grasses when applied as either urea or oxamide in different diameter granules using a tracer technique (15N). The effects of the N source on soil biomass, root density and amount of readily available organic C in soil were also evaluated. In a first experiment oxamide in 4–5 mm diameter granules was compared with urea. The initial N absorption, 40 days after fertilization (d.a.f.), was higher for urea (23.5%) than for oxamide (12.1%), but after 64 days absorption efficiencies were about the same (11%) for both fertilizers. Fertilizer-derived N lost by leaching was much greater from the urea-fertilized soil (1.57 g), compared with losses from oxamide-fertilized soil (0.05 g). The total residual fertilizer N remaining in the system at the end of the experiment was 26.7% of applied urea N and 39.6% of applied oxamide N. Cumulated absorption efficiencies, calculated after dismantling the lysimeters, were 43.1% for urea and 54.8% for oxamide (roots included). A priming effect caused by a larger uptake of soil N because of the better root development was found in the oxamide-treated lysimeter. Fertilization with oxamide also caused an increase in the amount of soil microbial biomass. In a second experiment, the efficiencies and fertilizer N uptake rates from oxamide applied at two different granule sizes (1–2 mm and 5–10 mm) were evaluated. The amount of soil N taken up by the grass was linearly related to root density (r = 0.92).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058011
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