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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of sheep manure on the survival and growth of the earthworm Microscolex dubius (Annelida: Acanthodrilidae)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Soil Ecology 1 (1994), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0929-1393
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Food location ; Microscolex ; Population density
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0929-1393(94)90006-X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of resource patches by earthworms (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Food location ; Population density ; Aporrectodea ; Microscolex ; Organic manure Cocoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was established to assess the effects of additional organic matter on earthworm populations. Bags of soil (15 cm deep) were placed in a pasture at Balhannah, South Australia, at the beginning of autumn 1991. The bags were initially seeded with five individuals ofAporrectodea trapezoides, and 250 g dried sheep manure was added to most bags. Manure was added either in pellet or milled form, and applied either on the surface, in the 5–10 cm layer, or evenly dispersed over 15 cm. In harvests during weeks 7,9, and 11 after the start of the experiment,A. trapezoides and three other species,A. caliginosa, A. rosea, andMicroscolex dubius, were recovered from the bags. Bags with added manure had significantly higher numbers of each species than bags with no manure. During the 4-week sampling period (weeks 7–11) the numbers ofM. dubius recovered per bag decreased, whileA. rosea increased. Total earthworm numbers were not influenced by either the form or the location of application of the manure. Earthworms were sampled from three depths, 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm. Both numbers and biomass of earthworms were positively correlated with the location of the manure. Cocoons ofAporrectodea spp. were more abundant when the manure was milled and evenly dispersed, and were consistently located in the lower soil layers, regardless of the form or location of manure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647674
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcosm investigations into the influence of sheep manure on the behaviour of the geophagous earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubius (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; Burrowing behaviour ; Food location ; Aporrectodea Microscolex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted over 96 h in 240-mm-deep soil microcosms, to assess the effect of the presence and distribution of sheep manure over the soil surface on the vertical and horizontal distribution of burrows and numbers of the earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubius. Within some microcosms the dung was placed on half of the soil surface and this caused aggregation, with over two-thirds of the earthworms being found in the soil directly under the manure. The presence of surface-applied sheep manure caused both species to aggregate in the surface soil. In contrast, without manure, A. trapezoides was evenly distributed throughout the soil profile while M. dubius aggregated in the deeper soil. The pattern of burrow construction was also influenced by the presence of surface manure. In the absence of manure, burrows of both species were evenly distributed through the soil, but in the presence of surface manure M. dubius constructed proportionally more burrows close to the surface. Both species constructed approximately twice the burrow area in the absence than in the presence of surface manure. For both species the daily rate of burrow construction decreased over the experimental period. From these data we inferred that there was more widespread and active foraging behaviour in both species when organic food material was scarce. M. dubius differed from A. trapezoides in that it more strongly concentrated foraging activity in the vicinity of the manure food source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384435
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcosm investigations into the influence of sheep manure on the behaviour of the geophagous earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubuis (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Burrowing behaviour ; Food location ; Aporrectodea Microscolex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted over 96 h in 240-mm-deep soil microcosms, to assess the effect of the presence and distribution of sheep manure over the soil surface on the vertical and horizontal distribution of burrows and numbers of the earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubius. Within some microcosms the dung was placed on half of the soil surface and this caused aggregation, with over two-thirds of the earthworms being found in the soil directly under the manure. The presence of surface-applied sheep manure caused both species to aggregate in the surface soil. In contrast, without manure, A. trapezoides was evenly distributed throughout the soil profile while M. dubius aggregated in the deeper soil. The pattern of burrow construction was also influenced by the presence of surface manure. In the absence of manure, burrows of both species were evenly distributed through the soil, but in the presence of surface manure M. dubius constructed proportionally more burrows close to the surface. Both species constructed approximately twice the burrow area in the absence than in the presence of surface manure. For both species the daily rate of burrow construction decreased over the experimental period. From these data we inferred that there was more widespread and active foraging behaviour in both species when organic food material was scarce. M. dubius differed from A. trapezoides in that it more strongly concentrated foraging activity in the vicinity of the manure food source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384435
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHO cell growth and recombinant interferon-γ production: Effects of BSA, Pluronic and lipids (1995)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 19 (1995), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: BSA ; CHO cells ; interferon-γ ; linoleic acid ; lipids ; Pluronic F68
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The role of bovine serum albumin in mammalian cell cultures and the possibility of its substitution by other components in a serum-free medium has been investigated. In this study, BSA was shown to be important for growth and product formation in CHO cells expressing recombinant human interferon-γ. There were indications that its stimulating growth effect was dependent on the source of BSA used and probably was related to the purification procedure used for the production of the desired albumin fraction. Cell growth did not occur in the absence of BSA but at low concentration (1 mg ml−1) it was stimulated by the addition of a combination of a commercial lipid mixture plus Pluronic F68. However, under the latter conditions IFN-γ production was adversely effected. The importance of individual lipid components was investigated using a statistical approach based on a Plackett-Burman design. Linoleic acid was identified as a positive variable for cell growth while cholesterol was identified as a negative variable for both cell growth and IFN-γ production. When a combination of linoleic acid plus Pluronic F68 was included in the formulation of low BSA medium, cell growth was similar to that at high BSA concentration (5 mg ml−1) but the IFN-γ concentration was significantly reduced (ca. 45%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749752
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of lipid supplements on the production and glycosylation of recombinant interferon-γ expressed in CHO cells (1994)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 15 (1994), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Glycosylation ; recombinant ; interferon ; CHO cells ; lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of lipids on the glycosylation of recombinant human interferon-γ expressed in a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line were investigated in batch culture. Lipids form an essential part of the N-glycosylation pathway, and have been shown to improve cell viability. In control (serum-free) medium the proportion of fully-glycosylated interferon-γ deteriorated reproducibly with time in batch culture, but the lipoprotein supplement ExCyte was shown to minimise this trend. Partially substituting the bovine serum albumin content of the medium with a fatty-acid free preparation also improved interferon-γ glycosylation, possibly indicating that oxidised lipids carried on Cohn fraction V albumin may damage the glycosylation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00762395
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the dilution rate on CHO cell physiology and recombinant interferon-γ production in glucose-limited chemostat culture (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 1077-1085 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: chemostat ; glucose limitation ; glycosylation ; CHO cells ; interferon-γ ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physiology of a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line in glucose-limited chemostat culture was studied over a range of dilution rates (D = 0.008 to 0.20 h-1). The specific growth rate (μ) deviated from D at low dilution rates due to an increased specific death rate. Extrapolation of these data suggested a minimum specific growth rate of 0.011 h-1 (μmax = 0.025 h-1) The metabolism at each steady state was characterized by determining the metabolic quotients for glucose, lactate, ammonia, amino acids, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The specific rate of glucose uptake increased linearly with μ, and the saturation constant for glucose (Ks) was calculated to be 59.6 μM. There was a linear increase in the rate of lactate production with a higher yield of lactate from glucose at high growth rates. The decline in the rate of production of lactate, alanine, and serine at low growth rate was consistent with the limitation of the glycolytic pathway by glucose. The specific rate of IFN-γ production increased with μ in a manner indicative of a growth-related product. Despite changes in the IFN-γ production rate and cell physiology, the pattern of IFN-γ glycosylation was similar at all except the lowest growth rates where there was increased production of nonglycosylated IFN-γ. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420909
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-glycans of recombinant human interferon-γ change during batch culture of chinese hamster ovary cells (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 48 (1995), S. 639-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: interferon ; glycosylation ; CHO cells ; microheterogeneity ; mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line making human interfron-γ (IFN-γ) was grown in 12-L stirred tank fermentors in three batch fermentations under conditions of constant temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen tension. In addition to cell growth, metabolite, and productivity data, a detailed analysis of the carbohydrate structures attached to each glycosylation site of IFN-γ was achieved using matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) in combination with exoglycosidase array sequencing. Complex biantennary oligosaccharides (particularly Gal2GlcNAc4Man3 which was core ℵl-6 fucosylated at Asn25 but not at Asng97) were most prevalent at both glycosylation sites. However, considerable microheterogeneity arising from the presence of triantennary and truncated glycan structures was also observed. The proportion of the dominant core glycan structure (Gal2GlcNAc4Man3 ± Fuc1) decreased by 15-26% during batch culture, with increases in the proportion of oligomannose and truncated glycans over the same time period. Prolonged culture resulting from an extended lag phase led to further accumulation of oligomannose and truncated structures, reaching up to 52% of total glycans attached to Asng97 by 240 h of culture. The implications of these glycosylation changes for optimizing the time for harvesting cell cultures, and for the clearance of recombinant therapeutic products in vivo are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260480612
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