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  • Heterosis  (2)
  • Key words Betula pendula  (2)
  • Branching pattern  (1)
  • Carbon uptake  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Individual 33-year-old forest trees of the deciduous conifer speciesLarix decidua, Larix leptolepis andLarix decidua x leptolepis were investigated with respect to the phenomenon of stem heterosis in hybrid larch; the first part of this study compares the gas exchange responses of leaves. CO2 assimilation per leaf area was similar in the three larch species, but on a dry weight basis the nitrogen content of the needles and maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) were slightly higher in the hybrid. This increase was accompanied by a higher protein content than in the Japanese and a lower specific leaf weight than in the European larch. All three species were similar in terms of the photosynthetic “nitrogen use” and stomatal conductance atA max. The similar slopes of the area-related steady-state responses of gas exchange against irradiance, evaporative demand and internal CO2 concentration led to similar rates of CO2 uptake under ambient conditions. The natural combinations and variability of the environmental factors also reduced the small dry weight-related difference inA max between hybrid larch and the parent species, such that all trees achieved similar daily carbon gains. Thus, the ecological significance of small interspecific differences in the metabolism of leaves has very little effect under the natural habitat conditions of a temperate climate. The second part of the study will investigate the effect of growth characteristics on the heterosis of hybrid larch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816819
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterosis in hybrid larch (Larix decidua x leptolepis) (1987)
    Springer
    Trees 1 (1987), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Heterosis ; Growth ; Branching pattern ; Needle density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among 33-year-old forest trees ofLarix decidua, L. leptolepis andL. decidua x leptolepis, the hybrid possessed an above-ground biomass which was three times greater, although all larches displayed similar relative distributions of biomass. At a “relative growth rate” slightly lower than in the parent species, hybrid larch achieved twice the annual carbon gain, increment in stem length and above-ground production, and its foliage-related stem growth was higher than in European (L. decidua) but similar to Japanese (L. leptolepis) larch. A similar “relative growth efficiency” and foliage-related total above-ground production in all trees did reflect the similarity of photosynthetic capacity of the hybrid found at the leaf level. While the lengths of lateral twigs on hybrid branches were intermediate between the European larch with short, and the Japanese larch with large, twigs the hybrid possessed the longest branches with the highest needle biomass. This resulted in a crown structure of the hybrid crown similar to the Japanese larch together with a high needle density on branches as in the European larch. In total, the foliage biomass per crown length was about 30% higher in hybrid larch than in both of the parent species. Thus, the high carbon input for the stem heterosis was based on a “complementation principle” of advantageous parent features at the crown level. Similar slopes of foliage against sapwood area of stem and branches did not indicate a special need for a thick hybrid stem with respect to water transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816820
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition and the ozone sensitivity of birch (Betula pendula) (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Betula pendula ; Ozone ; Nutrition ; Carbon balance ; Water-use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Cuttings of a single birch clone (Betula pendula) were grown in field fumigation chambers throughout the growing season in either filtered air (control) or 90/40 nl O3 l–1 (day/night), both regimes being split into high and low nutrient supply. High nutrition was neither advantageous for maintaining the photosynthetic capacity and life span of the leaves (see Maurer et al. 1997) nor for limiting the productive loss of the whole plant under O3 stress relative to low-fertilized (LF) plants. However, nutrition determined, through carbon allocation and leaf turn-over, the way plants coped with O3 impact. High leaf turn-over under O3 stress related the carbon gain of high-fertilized (HF) plants to the photosynthesis of newly formed, intact leaves, although the foliage area remained reduced (shedding of O3-injured leaves, inhibited branching). In contrast, the low leaf turn-over of LF plants reflected the maintenance of the O3-injured leaves, causing high respiratory costs in the whole-plant carbon balance and a root/shoot biomass ratio as low as in the HF plants. Within the root system, the carbon allocation was determined by nutrition rather than ozone, whereas the water-use efficiency of the whole-plant carbon increment was lowered by ozone in both nutrient regimes. The relationship between biomass production and nutrient levels in the whole plant was hardly affected by ozone, with only the range of interaction being narrowed. Conditions requiring the maintenance of foliage rather than favoring the replacement of O3-injured leaves may render trees more susceptible to shifts in the carbon allocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009693
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrition and the ozone sensitivity of birch (Betula pendula) (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Betula pendula ; Ozone ; Nutrition ; Photosynthesis ; Stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Cuttings of a single birch clone (Betula pendula) were grown in field fumigation chambers throughout the growing season in either filtered air (control) or 90/40 nl O3 l–1 (day/night). Both regimes were split into plants under high and low nutrient supply (macro- and micronutrients). The stomatal density of leaves was increased by ozone but was lowered at high nutrition, while the inner air space was hardly affected by the treatments. Ozone induced macroscopic leaf injury regardless of nutrition, but leaf shedding was delayed in the low-fertilized plants, despite O3 uptake being similar to that in high-fertilized plants. The leaf turn-over was enhanced in the O3-exposed high-fertilized plants, but length growth and leaf formation of stems were not affected by ozone in either nutrient regime. Leaves of high-fertilized plants showed O3-caused decline in photosynthetic capacity, water-use efficiency, apparent carbon uptake efficiency and quantum yield earlier as compared with low-fertilized plants, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM) and leaf nitrogen concentration were rather stable. CO2 uptake rate and rubisco activity of young leaves compensated for the O3 injury in the ageing leaves of the low-fertilized plants. In 8-week-old leaves, however, the O3-induced decline in CO2 uptake did not differ between the nutrient regimes and was associated with increased dark respiration rather than changed photorespiration. The balance between CO2 supply and demand was lost, as was stomatal limitation on CO2 uptake. High nutrition did not help leaves to maintain a high photosynthetic capacity and life span under O3 stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon uptake and respiration in above-ground parts of a Larix decidua × leptolepis tree (1988)
    Springer
    Trees 2 (1988), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Larix ; Carbon uptake ; Respiration ; Carbon balances ; Water loss ; Sun and shade branches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shade needles of hybrid larch (Larix decidua × leptolepis) had the same rates of photosynthesis as sun needles per dry weight and nitrogen, and a similar leaf conductance under conditions of light saturation at ambient CO2 (Amax). However, on an area basis, Amax and specific leaf weight were lower in shade than in sun needles. Stomata of sun needles limited CO2 uptake at light saturation by about 20%, but under natural conditions of light in the shade crown, shade needles operated in a range of saturating internal CO2 without stomatal limitation of CO2 uptake. In both needle types, stomata responded similarly to changes in light, but shade needles were more sensitive to changes in vapor pressure deficit than sun needles. Despite a high photosynthetic capacity, the ambient light conditions reduced the mean daily (in summer) and annual carbon gain of shade needles to less than 50% of that in sun needles. In sun needles, the transpiration per carbon gain was about 220 mol mol−1 on an annual basis. The carbon budget of branches was determined from the photosynthetic rate, the needle biomass and respiration, the latter of which was (per growth and on a carbon basis) 1.6 mol mol−1 year−1 in branch and stem wood. In shade branches carbon gains exceeded carbon costs (growth + respiration) by only a factor of 1.6 compared with 3.5 in sun branches. The carbon balance of sun branches was 5 times higher per needle biomass of a branch or 9 times higher on a branch length basis than shade branches. The shade foliage (including the shaded near-stem sun foliage) only contributed approximately 23% to the total annual carbon gain of the tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202378
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