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  • Biomass production  (3)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 plant ; C4 plant ; Biomass production ; Nitrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pure and mixed cultures of the dicotyledons Atriplex hortensis L. (C3 plant) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4 plant) were maintained under open air conditions in standard soil at low and high nitrogen supply levels. A comparison of shoot dry weight and shoot length in the various series shows that the growth of the aboveground parts of both species was severely reduced under low N conditions. In both pure and mixed cultures the differences resulting from low N vs. high N conditions was less pronounced with Atriplex (C3 plant) than with Amaranthus (C4 plant). The root dry weight of the two species was not reduced so much under low N conditions as was the shoot dry weight. The low N plants were found to contain a larger proportion of their biomass in the roots than did the high N plants. In general the root proportion of Atriplex was greater than that of Amaranthus. The contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) per g dry weight of both species decreased continually throughout the experiments. With the exception of young plants, the low N plants always had tower contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrate reductase activities than did the high N plants. The highest values of NRA were measured in the leaf laminae. The eaves also exhibited the highest concentrations of organic nitrogen. The highest nitrate concentrations, however, were observed in the shoot axis, and in most cases the lowest nitrate values were found in the laminae. At the end of ne growing season this pattern was found to have been reversed with Atriplex, but not with Amaranthus. Thus Atriplex was able to maintain a higher NRA in the laminae than Amaranthus under low N conditions. The transpiration per leaf area of the C4 plant Amaranthus during the course of a day was substantially lower than that of the C3 plant Atriplex. There were no significant differences in transpiration between the low N and high N series of Amaranthus. The low N plants of Atriplex, however, clearly showed in most cases higher transpiration rates than the corresponding high N plants. These different transpiration rates of the high N and the low N Atriplex plants were also reflected in a distinct 13C discrimination. The sum of these results points to the conclusion that the C3 plant Atriplex hortensis can maintain a better internal inorganic nitrogen supply than the C4 plant Amaranthus retroflexus under low N conditions and an ample water supply, due to the larger root proportion and the more pronounced and flexible transpiration of the C3 plant.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Biomass production ; CAM plants ; Leaf conductance ; Nitrogen use efficiency ; Water supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two CAM plant species (Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. tubiflora) were cultivated in pure cultures with two different levels of nitrogen and water supply. A comparison of the plant dry weight showed that the productivity was severely reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions. Additionally the proportion of the different organs contributing to the total biomass, and thus the ratio of root/shoot dry weight shifted substantially. At the same time the production of leaf buds in ratio to leaf biomass was increased. Concentrations of organic nitrogen and nitrate in the shoots were drastically reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions, but organic nitrogen concentration in the roots remained relatively high. The leaf conductance over a day was investigated only for K. daigremontiana, and decreased with reduced water and nitrogen supply. The results indicate that CAM plants do not have the predicted high nitrogen use efficiency. Under environmental stress they change from biomass production towards provisions for life preservation.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 grasses ; C4 grasses ; Biomass production ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two C3 grasses (Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L.) and two C4 grasses (Panicum miliaceum L., Panicum crus-galli L.) were cultivated in standard soil in the open air in pure cultures and in various mixed cultures at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels. After three months the dry weight, length and nitrogen content of the aboveground and below-ground parts of the plants and the shoot/root ratios were determined. Hordeum vulgare was the most successful species irrespective of the nitrogen fertilization level, and also exhibited in most cases the highest nitrogen concentrations. Panicum miliaceum, on the other hand, was the species least able to compete. The production of biomass was reduced in cultures growing under nitrogen starvation conditions, this phenomenon being more pronounced with respect to the C4 than to the C3 species. The decrease in the production of biomass at low N conditions was most drastic with Panicum crus-galli, the species with the lowest nitrogen content and thus assumed to be best adapted to nitrogen starvation conditions. In cultures growing at low nitrogen fertilization levels the shoot/root ratios of all species.shifted in favour of an increasing root proportion. The extent of this shift, however, differed from species to species.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 40 (1989), S. 575-587 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour of some cast stainless steels and high alloy white irons in scrubber solutions of flue gas desulfurization plantsWeight loss and electrochemical measurements have been used to determine the ranges of applicability of cast austenitic stainless steel Werkstoff No. 1.4408, of two special cast ferritic-austenitic stainless steels NORIDUR® 9.4460 and NORICLOR® NC 24 6 and of two high alloy Cr and CrMo white irons in scrubber solutions of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) plants. Whereas the Werkstoff No. 1.4408 cannot be used due to its insufficient resistance to general and localized corrosion, NORIDUR® 9.4460 can be used in scrubber solutions with pH 〉 2.5 and chloride concentrations up to 80 g/l, NORICLOR® NC 24 6 with 5% Mo even in liquids with pH 〉 1.5 and chlorides up to 100 g/l. At lower pH-values both duplex stainless steels show active corrosion of either the austenite or the ferrite depending on the contents of hydrochloric acid in the solution. At higher chloride concentrations pitting occurs on the passive materials. The CrMo white iron NORILOY NL 25 2 with 25% Cr and 2% Mo can be used in scrubber liquids with pH 〉 3.5. As the ferritic matrix is cathodically protected by the precipitated carbides, there is no sensitivity of this alloy to chlorides. In liquids with pH 〈 3.5 there is selective corrosion of the ferritic matrix. For practical application of all these cast alloys the limits for purely corrosive attack have to be modified to assure. resistance to a superposition of corrosion, erosion/abrasion and cavitation on parts exposed to real flow conditions in FGD scrubbers.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von Auslagerungsversuchen und elektrochemischen Messungen wurden die Anwendungsgrenzen des nichtrostenden austenitischen Stahlgusses 1.4408, der beiden nichtrostenden ferritisch-austenitischen Sonderstahlgußsorten NORIDUR® 9.4460 und NORICLOR® NC 246 und der beiden hochlegierten ferritisch-carbidischen Hartgußsorten NORILOY NL 25 und NL 252 in Waschwässern von Rauchgas-Entschwefelungs-Anlagen (REA) bestimmt. Während der Stahlguß 1.4408 wegen zu geringer Beständigkeit gegen gleichmäßige Flächen- und insbesondere Loch- und Spaltkorrosion für den Einsatz in REA-Waschwässern nicht geeignet ist, läßt sich der ferritisch-austenitische Stahlguß NORIDUR® 9.4460 in Waschlösungen mit pH 〉 2,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 80 g/1, der mit 5% Mo legierte NORICLOR® NC 246 sogar in Wässern mit pH 〉 1,5 und Chloridgehalten bis 100 g/l problemlos einsetzen. In stark sauren Lösungen unterhalb der genannten pH-Werte korrodieren beide Stahlgußsorten in Form selektiver Korrosion der austenitischen oder der ferritischen Phase, je nach Salzsäuregehalt der Lösung. Bei Chloridgehalten jenseits der Grenzwerte tritt an den passiven Werkstoffen Lochfraß auf. Der ferritisch-carbidische Hartguß NORILOY NL 25 2 mit 25% Cr und 2% Mo ist in Lösungen mit pH 〉 3,5 einsetzbar. Da die ferritische Matrix durch die ausgeschiedenen Carbide kathodisch geschützt wird, reagiert der Werkstoff wenig auf Erhöhung des Chloridgehaltes in der Lösung. In Lösungen mit pH 〈 3,5 wird selektive Korrosion der ferritischen Matrix beobachtet. Für den praktischen Einsatz all dieser Gußwerkstoffe müssen die allein fü korrosive Beanspruchungen geltenden Grenzwerte allerdings oft modifiziert werden, um dem realen Belastungskollektiv aus Korrosion, Erosion/Abrasion und Kavitation an strömungsführenden Bauteilen in REA-Waschkreisläufen gerecht zu werden.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 36 (1985), S. 631-636 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der thermische Abbau dünner Filme verschiedener PMMA-Typen auf Stahl wurde massenspektrometrisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse für aus der Lösung hergestellte Filme lassen sich erklären, wenn man starke Adsorption eines Teils der Makromolekülenden annimmt. Die Adsorptionswechselwirkung senkt die Energie der Initiierung des Abbaus am Kettenende. Die Stahloberflache katalysiert die Teilhydrolyse des MMA der Polymerkette mit adsorbiertem Wasser zu MAA. Mit steigendem MAA-Gehalt geht die beim Kontakt zwischen festem Polymer und Metall auf den Stahl übertragene PMMA-Menge zurück.
    Notes: The thermal degradation of various PMMA types was investigated by mass spectrometry of thin films on steel. The results obtained with solution casted films can be explained by assuming strong adsorption of a part of the macromolecular chain ends. The adsorption interaction is suggested to reduce the initiation energy of degradation from the chain end. The steel surface intensifies catalytically the partial hydrolysis of MMA to MAA in the main chain under the influence of adsorbed water. Increasing MAA content leads to decreasing amount of polymer left on the steel after contact with the polymer solid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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