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  • Biomass production  (3)
  • Photosynthesis  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water status related photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in species of the lichen genusPseudocyphellaria with green or blue-green photobionts and in photosymbiodemes (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 494-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Photosymbiodeme ; Phycosymbiodeme ; Delta13C ; Lichen ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Green lichens have been shown to attain positive net photosynthesis in the presence of water vapour while blue-green lichens require liquid water (Lange et al. 1986). This behaviour is confirmed not only for species with differing photobionts in the genusPseudocyphellaria but for green and blue-green photobionts in a single joined thallus (photosymbiodeme), with a single mycobiont, and also when adjacent as co-primary photobionts. The different response is therefore a property of the photobiont. The results are consistent with published photosynthesis/water content response curves. The minimum thallus water content for positive net photosynthesis appears to be much lower in green lichens (15% to 30%, related to dry weight) compared to blue-greens (85% to 100%). Since both types of lichen rehydrate to about 50% water content by water vapour uptake only green lichens will show positive net photosynthesis. It is proposed that the presence of sugar alcohols in green algae allow them to retain a liquid pool (concentrated solution) in their chloroplasts at low water potentials and even to reform it by water vapour uptake after being dried. The previously shown difference in δ13C values between blue-green and green lichens is also retained in a photosymbiodeme and must be photobiont determined. The wide range of δ13C values in lichens can be explained by a C3 carboxylation system and the various effects of different limiting processes for photosynthetic CO2 fixation. If carboxylation is rate limiting, there will be a strong discrimination of13CO2, at high internal CO2 partial pressure. The resulting very low δ13C values (-31 to-35‰) have been found only in green lichens which are able to photosynthesize at low thallus water content by equilibraiton with water vapour. When the liquid phase diffusion of CO2 becomes more and more rate limiting and the internal CO2 pressure decreases, the13C content of the photosynthates increases and less negative δ13C values results, as are found for blue-green lichens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776410
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapor uptake and photosynthesis of lichens: performance differences in species with green and blue-green algae as phycobionts (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1986), S. 104-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lichens ; Humidity ; Water vapor uptake ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dry lichen thalli were enclosed in gas exchange chambers and treated with an air stream of high relative humidity (96.5 to near 100%) until water potential equilibrium was reached with the surrounding air (i.e., no further increase of weight through water vapor uptake). They were then sprayed with liquid water. The treatment took place in the dark and was interrupted by short periods of light. CO2 exchange during light and dark respiration was monitored continuously. With no exception water uptake in all of the lichen species with green algae as phycobionts lead to reactivation of the photosynthetic metabolism. Further-more, high rates of CO2 assimilation were attained without the application of liquid water. To date 73 species with different types of Chlorophyceae phycobionts have been tested in this and other studies. In contrast, hydration through high air humidity alone failed to stimulate positive net photosynthesis in any of the lichens with blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). These required liquid water for CO2 assimilation. So far 33 species have been investigated, and all have behaved similarly. These have included gelatinous as well as heteromerous species, most with Nostoc phycobionts but in addition some with three other Cyanophyceae phycobionts. The same phycobiont performance differences existed even within the same genus (e.g. Lobaria, Peltigera) between species pairs containing green or blue-green phycobionts respectively. Free living algae also seem to behave in a similar manner. Carbon isotope ratios of the lichen thalli suggest that a definite ecological difference exists in water status-dependent photosynthesis of species with green and blue-green phycobionts. The underlying biochemical or biophysical mechanisms are not yet understood. Apparently, a fundamental difference in the structure of the two groups of algae is involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377327
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass production and nitrate metabolism of Atriplex hortensis L. (C3 plant) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4 plant) in cultures at different levels of nitrogen supply (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 plant ; C4 plant ; Biomass production ; Nitrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pure and mixed cultures of the dicotyledons Atriplex hortensis L. (C3 plant) and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (C4 plant) were maintained under open air conditions in standard soil at low and high nitrogen supply levels. A comparison of shoot dry weight and shoot length in the various series shows that the growth of the aboveground parts of both species was severely reduced under low N conditions. In both pure and mixed cultures the differences resulting from low N vs. high N conditions was less pronounced with Atriplex (C3 plant) than with Amaranthus (C4 plant). The root dry weight of the two species was not reduced so much under low N conditions as was the shoot dry weight. The low N plants were found to contain a larger proportion of their biomass in the roots than did the high N plants. In general the root proportion of Atriplex was greater than that of Amaranthus. The contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) per g dry weight of both species decreased continually throughout the experiments. With the exception of young plants, the low N plants always had tower contents of organic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrate reductase activities than did the high N plants. The highest values of NRA were measured in the leaf laminae. The eaves also exhibited the highest concentrations of organic nitrogen. The highest nitrate concentrations, however, were observed in the shoot axis, and in most cases the lowest nitrate values were found in the laminae. At the end of ne growing season this pattern was found to have been reversed with Atriplex, but not with Amaranthus. Thus Atriplex was able to maintain a higher NRA in the laminae than Amaranthus under low N conditions. The transpiration per leaf area of the C4 plant Amaranthus during the course of a day was substantially lower than that of the C3 plant Atriplex. There were no significant differences in transpiration between the low N and high N series of Amaranthus. The low N plants of Atriplex, however, clearly showed in most cases higher transpiration rates than the corresponding high N plants. These different transpiration rates of the high N and the low N Atriplex plants were also reflected in a distinct 13C discrimination. The sum of these results points to the conclusion that the C3 plant Atriplex hortensis can maintain a better internal inorganic nitrogen supply than the C4 plant Amaranthus retroflexus under low N conditions and an ample water supply, due to the larger root proportion and the more pronounced and flexible transpiration of the C3 plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379283
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass production and nitrogen contents of the CAM plants Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. tubiflora in cultures with different nitrogen and water supply (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 478-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Biomass production ; CAM plants ; Leaf conductance ; Nitrogen use efficiency ; Water supply
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two CAM plant species (Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. tubiflora) were cultivated in pure cultures with two different levels of nitrogen and water supply. A comparison of the plant dry weight showed that the productivity was severely reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions. Additionally the proportion of the different organs contributing to the total biomass, and thus the ratio of root/shoot dry weight shifted substantially. At the same time the production of leaf buds in ratio to leaf biomass was increased. Concentrations of organic nitrogen and nitrate in the shoots were drastically reduced under low nitrogen or/and water conditions, but organic nitrogen concentration in the roots remained relatively high. The leaf conductance over a day was investigated only for K. daigremontiana, and decreased with reduced water and nitrogen supply. The results indicate that CAM plants do not have the predicted high nitrogen use efficiency. Under environmental stress they change from biomass production towards provisions for life preservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319789
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass production and nitrogen content of C3- and C4- grasses in pure and mixed culture with different nitrogen supply (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 613-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency ; C3 grasses ; C4 grasses ; Biomass production ; Competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two C3 grasses (Hordeum vulgare L., Avena sativa L.) and two C4 grasses (Panicum miliaceum L., Panicum crus-galli L.) were cultivated in standard soil in the open air in pure cultures and in various mixed cultures at low and high nitrogen fertilization levels. After three months the dry weight, length and nitrogen content of the aboveground and below-ground parts of the plants and the shoot/root ratios were determined. Hordeum vulgare was the most successful species irrespective of the nitrogen fertilization level, and also exhibited in most cases the highest nitrogen concentrations. Panicum miliaceum, on the other hand, was the species least able to compete. The production of biomass was reduced in cultures growing under nitrogen starvation conditions, this phenomenon being more pronounced with respect to the C4 than to the C3 species. The decrease in the production of biomass at low N conditions was most drastic with Panicum crus-galli, the species with the lowest nitrogen content and thus assumed to be best adapted to nitrogen starvation conditions. In cultures growing at low nitrogen fertilization levels the shoot/root ratios of all species.shifted in favour of an increasing root proportion. The extent of this shift, however, differed from species to species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecophysiological studies on orchids of Madagascar: incidence and plasticity of crassulacean acid metabolism in species of the genus Angraecum Bory (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 135 (1998), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Angraecum ; Carbon isotope composition ; Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) ; Ecopysiology ; Madagascar ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study is an investigation on photosynthetic options in an orchid taxon and deals with the mainly epiphytes comprising genus Angraecum Bory. The incidence of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Angraecum species collected at various habitats in Madagascar was surveyed by analysis of stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C values). The values showed both inter- and intraspecific variability and suggest that in situ about 50% of the analysed species perform C3 photosynthesis, 20% moderate CAM (fixation of external CO2 during day-and night-time) and 30% pronounced CAM (CO2 uptake entirely during the night). The photosynthetic behaviour of the species indicated by the δ13C values was clearly related to the habitat from where the samples derived. In A. eburneum, A. sororium and particularly in A. sesquipedale the stable carbon isotope analysis was complemented by measurements of CAM performance under controlled conditions. The experiments with A. sesquipedale revealed that drought and temperature are important factors modulating CAM, whereas variation of the leaf-to-air water vapor pressure difference was less effective. Altogether, the results of the study support the view that the high biological adaptability and thus the ecological success of the genus Angraecum is largely based on genotypic diversity and intraspecific plasticity of the photosynthetic behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009787811077
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