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  • 11
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    Physiological monitoring. (1966)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Physiological monitoring applied to man in space environment, emphasizing overall philosophy including need and results of monitoring
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 66-928
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  • 12
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    Effects of weightlessness in man. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The program for the Apollo 16 flight was designed to include both safeguards against and investigations of the physiological problems arising from increase in the period of manned space flight. Precautions included the provision of a controlled diet with high potassium content, carefully controlled work loads and work-rest cycles, and an emergency cardiology consultation service, and investigations were made to enable preflight vs postflight comparisons of metabolic, cardiovascular, and central nervous system data. Results of these investigations indicate that adjustment to weightlessness can be satisfactorily assisted by appropriate countermeasures, including attention to diet.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Plenary Meeting on Life sciences and space research XI; May 10, 1972 - May 24, 1972; Madrid; Spain
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  • 13
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    Findings on American astronauts bearing on the issue of artificial gravity for future manned space vehicles. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Feb. 197
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  • 14
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    Man, space flight and medicine. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Review of experience obtained from space flight to evaluate man's physiological capability to function in space. Results of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs are presented, with emphasis on the latter. The space medicine requirements which were necessary for assuring man's safe journey into and return from space have resulted in hardware and techniques of great value to terrestrial medicine. The need to monitor the physiologic function of crewmen led to the development of miniaturized, nonirritating, and highly reliable sensors.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AIAA Student Journal; 10; Feb. 197
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  • 15
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    U.S. view of human problems to be addressed for long duration space flights (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Russian and American space programs have consisted of several thousands of hours of exposure of man to the space environment. In spite of numerous biological phenomena of adaptation observed, the space travellers have displayed, after their return, no enduring pathological effect. Although the usable data remain too limited to reflect fully the effects of space flight, it is possible to sketch the biological responses in the absence of gravity and to define the work bases for the future. Beyond its basic physiological effects, weightlessness has operational consequences in the daily life of the astronauts. These consequences will be still more evident during missions of long duration. The conclusions drawn in flight as well as on the ground are reviewed, and future requirements concerning prolonged flights are outlined. The gaps in actual knowledge are discussed and solutions are suggested. The problems of habitability are considered, particularly those which remain at present without satisfactory solutions: psychological responses to a confined life, cleaning, hygiene, and used material.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 16
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    Medical legacy of Apollo (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Since Apollo crews enjoyed freedom of movement and experienced many of the same problems as earlier crews, confinement had to be ruled out in the etiology of space flight-related changes. Apollo was a mission of physiological firsts: the first inflight illnesses were reported, and a series of cardiac arrhythmias occurred. The most important physiological changes were decreased cardiovascular responsiveness, reduced red blood cell mass, and musculoskeletal deterioration. Vestibular-related problems were also noted for the first time. Crewmen lost weight as a result of a hypocaloric regimen inflight and a tendency to lose body tissue under hypogravic conditions. Aldosterone production increased causing some intracellular fluid loss. Very few of the crewmen experienced any psychological problems after Apollo.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Sept
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  • 17
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    Biomedical findings on American astronauts participating in space missions. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Zero-gravity adaptive responses of man are discussed on the basis of biomedical data for 54 American astronauts, covering performance, locomotion, orientation, sleep and physiological and functional characteristics. Figures and diagrams are given for cardiovascular adaptation, weight loss, endocrine and electrolyte responses, fluid balance, skeletal responses, muscular and neuromuscular changes, exercise response tests and work capacity indicators. A review is given of current hypotheses concerning the processes involved in human adaptation to zero gravity. It is concluded that the immediate response of the body to weightlessness is a redistribution of the total circulating blood volume, leading to a loss of water, sodium and potassium through the kidneys and, thus, to a loss in total body weight.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Akademiia Nauk SSSR, International Astronautical Federation, and World Health Organization, International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space; Oct 01, 1971 - Oct 05, 1971; Yerevan; Soviet Union
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  • 18
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    Weightlessness (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Weightlessness effects on physiological systems are summarized, including cardiovascular responses, hematological effects, work capacity (exercise tolerance), respiratory responses, skeletal responses, neuromuscular changes, vestibular responses, metabolism, endocrine and electrolyte responses, and weight loss. The nature of the adaptive response to space flight and microbial changes are also discussed. The effects of zero gravity upon performance are ascertained, and the physiological effects of weightlessness are counteracted.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 349-415
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  • 19
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    Bioastronautic aspects of Apollo biomedical operations. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Bioastronautic results of the 3105 man-hours of Apollo space flight. The absence of solar flare eliminated the radiation problem for Apollo, but for prolonged flight the problem has not been solved. Crews have adapted generally to weightlessness and used it to advantage. Body weight loss is noted, and it is only partly due to fluid loss. Sleep appears to be impaired. The preventive medicine program has been difficult to conduct but in the later flights it effectively reduced the incidence of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infection. Motion sickness has been noted, but all astronauts adapted well. Cardiovascular deconditioning has been similar in degree and duration to that noted after the Gemini flights. The loss of red blood cell mass of Gemini was found only in Apollo 9, which was the only Apollo flight where the astronauts were exposed to pure oxygen at 5 psia for prolonged periods.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: International Astronautical Congress; Oct 05, 1969 - Oct 10, 1969; Mar del Plata; Argentina
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  • 20
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    Findings on American astronauts bearing on the issue of artificial gravity for future manned space vehicles (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Findings for American astronauts are reviewed that may indicate some alteration in vestibular response related to exposure to zero gravity. Of 25 individuals participating in Apollo missions 7 through 15, nine have experienced symptomatology that could be related to motion sickness. The apparent divergence between these results and those from the Soviet space program, which initially appears great, may reflect the greater emphasis given by Soviet investigators to vestibular aberrations. Presently the incidence of motion sickness, long known as an indicator of vestibular disturbance, seems too low to warrant any positive statement regarding inclusion of an artificial gravity system in future long term space missions. Where motion sickness has occurred, adaptation to weightlessness has always resulted in abatement of symptoms. In the absence of biomedical justification for incorporating artificial gravity systems in long term space flight vehicles, engineering considerations may dictate the manner in which the final ballot is cast.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 15-22
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