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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (58)
  • INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY  (4)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (3)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (2)
  • 1
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    Reducing greenhouses and the temperature history of earth and Mars (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been suggested that NH3 and other reducing gases were present in the earth's primitive atmosphere, enhancing the global greenhouse effect; data obtained through isotopic archeothermometry support this hypothesis. Computations have been applied to the evolution of surface temperatures on Mars, considering various bolometric albedos and compositions. The results are of interest in the study of Martian sinuous channels which may have been created by aqueous fluvial errosion, and imply that clement conditions may have previously occurred on Mars, and may occur in the future.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 269; Sept. 15
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Viking to Mars - The mission strategy (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Viking mission is discussed which will search for evidence of life on Mars by performing extended and closeup reconnaissance of the planet's surface. Previous unsuccessful Soviet attempts to land scientific payloads on Mars are summarized, and choices of landing sites for the two Viking landers are discussed. The onboard computers in both the orbiter and the two landers are described with emphasis on their 18,000-word memories and reprograming capabilities. The mission profiles and lander programs are outlined in detail, and lander experiments are discussed which will involve surface imaging, meteorological and seismometric measurements, soil sampling, lower atmosphere analysis, and searches for possible Martian microorganisms.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 50; July 197
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  • 3
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    The new Martian nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new nomenclature for Martian regions and topographic features uncovered by Mariner 9, as officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union, is described. About 180 craters generally of diameters greater than 100 km have been named, as well as 13 classes of topographic features designated catena, chasma, dorsum, fossa, labyrinthus, mensa, mons, patera, planitia, planum, tholus, vallis, and vastitas. In addition seven craters and the Kepler Dorsum are named on Phobos, and two craters on Deimos. Coordinates and maps of each named feature are displayed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 26; Sept
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  • 4
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    The surface of Mars - The view from the Viking 2 lander (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking 2 lander began imaging the surface of Mars at Utopia Planitia on September 3, 1976. The surface is a boulder-strewn reddish desert cut by troughs that probably form a polygonal network. A plateau can be seen to the east of the spacecraft, which for the most probable lander location is approximately the dirction of a tongue of ejecta from the crater Mie. Boulders at the lander 2 site are generally more vesicular than those near lander 1. Fines at both lander sites appear to be very fine-grained and to be bound in a duricrust. The pinkish color of the sky, similar to that observed at the lander 1 site, indicates suspension of surface material. However, the atmospheric optical depth is less than that at the lander 1 site. After dissipation of a cloud of dust stirred during landing, no changes other than those stemming from sampling activities have been detected in the landscape. No signs of large organisms are apparent at either landing site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 5
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    Voyager imaging experiment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager imaging experiment, which involves two independently operated television systems (a narrow- and a wide-angle camera), is designed to conduct investigations of the atmospheres and surface properties of Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites and Saturn's rings. Objects of the investigations include the horizontal and vertical structure of visible clouds, the vertical structure of high, optically thin scattering layers on Jupiter and Saturn, the Great Red Spot, the South Equatorial Belt, chromophores on Io and Titan, the geology of several satellites, the masses, spin axes and periods of rotation of several satellites, the radial distribution of material in Saturn's rings, and the optical scattering properties of the primaries, rings, and satellites at a variety of wavelengths and phase angles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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  • 6
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    Erosion and the rocks of Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photographs of the surface of Venus returned by the Venera 9 and 10 spacecraft have revealed the presence of smooth and angular rockline forms. Two mechanisms previously suggested (Sagan, 1975) for erosion of crater ramparts on the surface of Venus might also explain the erosion of rocks. Chemical weathering by the hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids present in the atmosphere of Venus may have been sufficient to erode angular projections of silicous rocks. Alternatively, the contours of rocks containing such low-melting materials as NaOH, KOH, HgS and KNO2 may have softened as the result of exposure to the high surface temperatures of the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 6
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  • 7
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    Sulphur flows on Io (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Flows of liquid sulfur are discussed as the sources of the variegated color patterns observed on Io. The variation of the viscosity of liquid sulfur as it cools from black to red to orange to yellow are shown to explain the black and red-black colors of the calderas, where molten sulfur reaches the surface, the red sinuous deposits presumably formed by high-viscosity laminar flows, and the yellow and orange-yellow plains, a product of rapid, turbulent flows. The sulfur allotropes responsible for these colors are preserved in the rapid quenching of molten sulfur, with a characteristic decay time under Ionian conditions estimated to be greater than the lifetime of Io. Observations of an atmospheric pressure of 10 to the -6th bar indicate that only a small fraction of Io is molten at any one time, however the entire surface is renewed in color and albedo by sulfur flows every thousand years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 280; Aug. 30
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  • 8
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    Greenhouse warming by minor gases on early Mars (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The early atmospheres of Earth and Mars were non-oxidizing mixtures likely derived from volcanic outgassing of a silicate mantle, with some fraction of the volatiles also contributed by impacting comets and meteorites. Here the authors investigate the potential of minor atmospheric constituents produced by ultraviolet and auroral chemistry to contribute to the thermal opacity of early Earth and Mars atmospheres. Using a very simple two-stream thermal opacity model, the authors show that HCN at 10 parts per million (ppm) and N2O at 100 ppm can each block radiation in thermal infrared windows sufficiently to increase the surface temperature by 7 K separately, or 14 K together. Small quantities of other species are also produced in such experiments. Some of these have especially complex infrared spectra and should be further investigated for their potential to help close windows in the CO2 + H2O infrared transmission. Enhancement of greenhouse warming by minor atmospheric species different from those present in today's atmosphere may have played important roles in the climate of early Earth and Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst., Workshop on the Martian Surface and Atmosphere Through Time; p 69
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  • 9
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    Titan's organic chemistry (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Voyager discovered nine simple organic molecules in the atmosphere of Titan. Complex organic solids, called tholins, produced by irradiation of the simulated Titanian atmosphere, are consistent with measured properties of Titan from ultraviolet to microwave frequencies and are the likely main constituents of the observed red aerosols. The tholins contain many of the organic building blocks central to life on earth. At least 100-m, and possibly kms thicknesses of complex organics have been produced on Titan during the age of the solar system, and may exist today as submarine deposits beneath an extensive ocean of simple hydrocarbons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 10
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    ON THE NATURE OF THE JOVIAN RED SPOT (1963)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-10
    Description: Nature of the great red spot in south tropical zone of jupiters atmosphere
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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