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  • 1
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    Comparative aspects of Venus and terrestrial meteorology (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The observations and measurements made by Pioneer Venus orbiters are presented in terms of comparison of Venus and terrestrial meteorology. Although the temperature-pressure profiles of the two planets differ at lower altitudes, the temperatures are similar over their common range of pressures except for a much cooler mesosphere on Venus. The additional similarities between the earth and Venus relate to the warm polar stratospheres and the zonally-averaged energy budgets of the two planets. A difference in the mean radiation budgets for Venus is the relative smallness of the upward and downward thermal flux components. It is noted that the observed similarities reflect common mechanisms despite the difference in the dynamical regimes of the two planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Weather; 36; Feb. 198
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  • 2
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    The global distribution of water vapor in the middle atmosphere of Venus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Near-IR measurements are presented of the mean vertical and horizontal distribution of water vapor in the Venus clouds as measured by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter IR radiometer, and comparisons are made with previous data. Six thermal channels were used to generate several hundred thousand readings for determination of the mean mixing ratio. Averaging was performed as a function of the solar zenith angle, with profiles retrieved with a relaxation method applied to radiance data at 45 microns. Consideration was given to mean cloud models and temperature profiles obtained from the five temperature sounding channels scanning from 11.5-15 microns. Laboratory tests were effected to validate the transmission functions. The results included a maximum column abundances above the cloud optical depth in the early afternoon in the equatorial regions. Mixing ratio enhancement was highest on the dayside and at high altitudes, with a mean ratio of 0.0001 at a 40% uncertainty level. Day-to-day fluctuations in the pressure level at 11.5 microns was larger than 10%, far below the factors of 2-3 determined by other investigators.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 3
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    Volatile Cycling and Layering on Mars: Observations, Theory and Modeling (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: With the release of Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) results, which indicate the presence of vast reservoirs of near-surface ice in the martian polar regions, we are presented with an exquisite dilemma. These deposits, which are present as far down as 60 deg. latitude in both hemispheres, are consistent with the suggestion of thermal models that ice will be best protected in these extended regions during periods of higher obliquity. However, the current paradigm regarding the placement of these deposits, i.e., diffusive deposition of water vapor, appears to be inconsistent with the large volume mixing ratios (approx. 70%) inferred from the GRS data. This apparent conflict argues that diffusion alone cannot be the primary mechanism for the creation of these reservoirs, and that an alternate, large-scale process should be considered.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Sixth International Conference on Mars; LPI-Contrib-1164
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  • 4
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    Structure and meteorology of the middle atmosphere of Venus Infrared remote sensing from the Pioneer orbiter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of the Pioneer Venus orbiter radiometric temperature-sounding experiment are presented with examples of each of the primary data products. The measured temperature field is used to model the dynamics of the middle atmosphere from 60 to 140 km, and the thermal and solar fluxes are used to calculate the planetary radiation budget. The data for the diurnal variation of temperature at a given height show fairly small amplitudes up to an altitude of about 95 km, above which the day to night contrast increases rapidly with height. At the equator the dependence of temperature in the stratosphere on solar longitude is dominated by a wave number 2 solar tide with an amplitude of about 10 K. The equator to pole gradients are larger than expected, and the stratosphere is typically 15 to 20 K warmer at the pole than at the equator. The most significant discovery concerning the cloud morphology is a dipole structure consisting of two clearings in the cloud at locations straddling the pole and rotating around it every 2.7 days.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 5
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    Temperature, cloud structure, and dynamics of Venus middle atmosphere by infrared remote sensing from Pioneer Orbiter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Further results from the Venus Orbiter radiometric temperature experiment (VORTEX) on the Pioneer Orbiter are presented. These are used to characterize the three-dimensional temperature field, the cloud structure, and the dynamics of the 60- to 130-kilometer altitude region of the Venus atmosphere. One of the new discoveries is a 'dipole' structure at high latitudes, with two hot spots rotating around the pole, surrounded by banks of cold cloud.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 205; July 6
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  • 6
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    Polar clearing in the Venus clouds observed from the Pioneer Orbiter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High data rate, high resolution observations made by the Pioneer Venus 1 Orbiter of Venus clouds in the polar region are reported. Data obtained by the Pioneer IR radiometer reveal the presence of a localized, very warm (260 K) feature at about 80 deg N, 359 deg E, indicating a cloud height differential of about 15 km between the depressed, but not totally absent, cloud level indicated by the temperature peak and the surrounding cold zones. The observations are considered to constitute new evidence for the presence of strong atmospheric subsidence near the poles, fitting a model of vortex-type polar circulation. Implications of the observations for the single cell model of the Venus stratosphere are noted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 279; June 14
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  • 7
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    Infrared remote sounding of the middle atmosphere of Venus from the Pioneer orbiter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Orbiter infrared measurements of the Venus atmosphere in the 60to 140-kilometer region show very small diurnal temperature differences near the cloud tops, increasing somewhat at higher levels. The seasonal (that is, equator to pole) contrasts are an order of magnitude larger, and the temperatures unexpectedly increase with increasing latitude below 80 kilometers. An isothermal layer at least two scale heights in vertical extent is found near the 100-kilometer altitude, where the temperature is about 175 K. Structure is present in the cloud temperature maps on a range of spatial scales. The most striking is at high latitude, where contrasts of nearly 50 K are observed between a cold circumpolar band and the region near the pole itself.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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  • 8
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    Polar cloud structure as derived from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Vertical absorption coefficient profiles of the Venus clouds in the north polar regions recorded by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter on orbits 9, 18, and 19 at the S band indicate dense cloud decks at the 1.5 to 4.7 bar levels in the Venus atmosphere. These cloud decks are at lower altitudes than the clouds detected by Mariner 10 and Pioneer Venus probes, and are uniform in absorption characteristics in the polar regions. The regions close to the polar hot spots have depressed the upper cloud heights and increased polar density; these areas are free of thermal inversions characteristic of the north polar regions away from the hot spots.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 9
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    Infrared remote sensing of the atmosphere of Venus from the Pioneer 12 Orbiter (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Pioneer 12 spacecraft, which was placed into orbit about Venus on 4 December 1978, carried a multispectral radiometer designed to investigate the structure and meteorological properties of the middle atmosphere (60 to 140 km). This paper reviews the experiment concept, the design, implementation and calibration of the hardware, and the preliminary scientific results from data obtained through 14 February 1979.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space research. Volume 20; May 29, 1979 - Jun 09, 1979; Bangalore; India
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