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  • SPACE BIOLOGY  (10)
  • ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS  (4)
  • Astrophysics  (1)
  • 1
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    Organic Chemistry in Interstellar Ices: Connection to the Comet Halley Results (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Mass spectroscopic measurements on the gas and dust in the coma of Comet Halley revealed the presence of considerable amounts of organic species. Greenberg (1973) proposed that prior to the formation of the comet UV processing of the ice mantles on grains in dense clouds could lead to the formation of complex organic molecules. Theoretical predictions of the internal UV field in dense clouds as well as the discovery in interstellar ices of species like OCS and OCN- which have been formed in simulation experiments by photoprocessing of interstellar ice analogues point to the importance of such processing. We undertook a laboratory simulation study of the formation of organic molecules in interstellar ices and their possible relevance to the Comet Halley results.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: Analysis of Returned Comet Nucleus Samples; 217-224; NASA/CP-1997-10152
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  • 2
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    Communications satellite business ventures - Measuring the impact of technology programmes and related policies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An economic evaluation and planning procedure which assesses the effects of various policies on fixed satellite business ventures is described. The procedure is based on a stochastic financial simulation model, the Domsat II, which evaluates spacecraft reliability, market performance, and cost uncertainties. The application of the Domsat II model to the assessment of NASA's ion thrusters for on-orbit propulsion and GaAs solar cell technology is discussed. The effects of insurance rates and the self-insurance option on the financial performance of communication satellite business ventures are investigated. The selection of a transportation system for placing the satellites into GEO is analyzed.
    Keywords: ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS
    Type: Space Policy (ISSN 0265-9646); 2; 37-51
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  • 3
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    Infrared spectral identification of complex organic molecules in interstellar grains (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The chemical evolution of interstellar grains leads ultimately to a comparison consisting largely of complex organic molecules. Comparison of infrared absorption spectra of laboratory produced analogue materials with astronomical observations confirm the the presence of similar molecules in interstellar space. The abundance of this complex organic matter derived from the strength of the absorption bands is of the order of ten million solar masses and is almost certainly as large or larger than all conceivable planets.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
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  • 4
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    Can spores survive in interstellar space? (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental evidence is presented for the effects of very low temperature and UV radiation, characteristic of the interstellar medium, on the survival of bacteria. In the most general space environment, 10 percent survival times are only of the order of hundreds of years, too short for panspermia to work. In a substantial fraction of space within dark clouds, however, it is shown that, even with conservative figures, survival times as long as millions to tens of millions of years are attainable. In such conditions, clouds could transport organisms from one solar system to another in times significantly shorter than the mean survival time. This occurs with significant probability.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 316; 403-407
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  • 5
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    Chemical and biological evolution in space (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The formation of organic molecules in interstellar dust grains and the survival of bacterial spores in a space environment are examined, summarizing the results of experimental investigations and theoretical calculations. The interstellar medium is characterized; the production of organic yellow-stuff residues on the mantles of dust grains in molecular clouds by UV radiation is explained; an IR absorption spectrum toward a Galactic-center source is shown to confirm the presence of such residues; and the mass of such abiotically produced complex organic molecules in the Galaxy is estimated as at least 10 to the 7th solar mass, or 0.1 percent of the mass in the Galaxy. This finding is considered significant for the prebiotic chemistry of the earth, since comets containing large amounts of interstellar dust may have impacted the earth many times during comet showers in the early solar system. UV-irradiation experiments on bacterial spores show that initial exposures to solar UV, not interstellar survival, is the main factor rendering theries of panspermia questionable.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 12 1
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  • 6
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    Some economic benefits of a synchronous earth observatory satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analysis was made of the economic benefits which might be derived from reduced forecasting errors made possible by data obtained from a synchronous satellite system which can collect earth observation and meteorological data continuously and on demand. User costs directly associated with achieving benefits are included. In the analysis, benefits were evaluated which might be obtained as a result of improved thunderstorm forecasting, frost warning, and grain harvest forecasting capabilities. The anticipated system capabilities were used to arrive at realistic estimates of system performance on which to base the benefit analysis. Emphasis was placed on the benefits which result from system forecasting accuracies. Benefits from improved thunderstorm forecasts are indicated for the construction, air transportation, and agricultural industries. The effects of improved frost warning capability on the citrus crop are determined. The benefits from improved grain forecasting capability are evaluated in terms of both U.S. benefits resulting from domestic grain distribution and U.S. benefits from international grain distribution.
    Keywords: ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS
    Type: NASA-CR-143636 , ERIM-107400-3-F
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  • 7
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    Economic benefits of improved meteorological forecasts - The construction industry (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Estimates are made of the potential economic benefits accruing to particular industries from timely utilization of satellite-derived six-hour weather forecasts, and of economic penalties resulting from failure to utilize such forecasts in day-to-day planning. The cost estimate study is centered on the U.S. construction industry, with results simplified to yes/no 6-hr forecasts on thunderstorm activity and work/no work decisions. Effects of weather elements (thunderstorms, snow and sleet) on various construction operations are indicated. Potential dollar benefits for other industries, including air transportation and other forms of transportation, are diagrammed for comparison. Geosynchronous satellites such as STORMSAT, SEOS, and SMS/GOES are considered as sources of the forecast data.
    Keywords: ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-128 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 8
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    Chemical evolution in space (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Most of the complex molecules in interstellar space ar probably contained in small, frozen interstellar dust grains which are about as old as the earth and have been photochemically converted into large organic molecules. These molecules' maximum molecular weight is limited only by the approximately 0.1-micron grain size. Their evolution leads from cool, evolved stellar atmospheres' formation of seedlings to destruction through incorporation into the material of new stars. Organic dust constitutes about 0.1 percent of the total mass of the Milky Way, far outweighing any estimates of total planetary mass in the Galaxy. Because comets may be virtually pure, aggregated interstellar dust, they offer a source of interstellar organic material for detailed study.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Origins of Life (ISSN 0302-1688); 14; 1-4; 25-36
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  • 9
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    Benefit cost analysis in federal agency R and D program formulation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Benefit-cost analysis is defined and some government investment criteria are discussed in relation to federal agency research and development program planning. The benefits of applied research and development are examined on the basis of a decision tree approach, and R and D project selection is considered, with attention paid to the multi-attribute problem.
    Keywords: ECONOMICS AND COST ANALYSIS
    Type: The future of aeronautical transportation; Nov. 10, 11, 1975; Princeton, N. J.
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  • 10
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    The seeding of life by comets (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The chemical and morphological structures of comets and interstellar dust are reviewed to demonstrate the feasibility of comets providing the necessary prebiotic molecules for the formation of life on the early earth. The chemical evolution of interstellar dust is shown to be the source of organics in comets, and the molecules observed in the grains are listed as are the products resulting from grain photolysis. It is emphasized that comets could only transfer prebiotic molecules to the earth if they are fluffy aggregates that break up into fine fragments. The contributions to the early earth are considered in terms of the competition between the evolution of the living organisms and the destructive effects of impacts. It is considered that life began as the bombardment during the first 5 x 10 exp 8 years began to tail off.
    Keywords: SPACE BIOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 12; 4 19; 169-180
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