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  • Solar Physics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (2)
  • Astrophysics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (1)
  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Geosciences (General)  (1)
  • Optics  (1)
  • 1
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    High-degree Gravity Models from GRAIL Primary Mission Data (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We have analyzed Kaband range rate (KBRR) and Deep Space Network (DSN) data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) primary mission (1 March to 29 May 2012) to derive gravity models of the Moon to degree 420, 540, and 660 in spherical harmonics. For these models, GRGM420A, GRGM540A, and GRGM660PRIM, a Kaula constraint was applied only beyond degree 330. Variancecomponent estimation (VCE) was used to adjust the a priori weights and obtain a calibrated error covariance. The global rootmeansquare error in the gravity anomalies computed from the error covariance to 320320 is 0.77 mGal, compared to 29.0 mGal with the preGRAIL model derived with the SELENE mission data, SGM150J, only to 140140. The global correlations with the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeterderived topography are larger than 0.985 between l = 120 and 330. The freeair gravity anomalies, especially over the lunar farside, display a dramatic increase in detail compared to the preGRAIL models (SGM150J and LP150Q) and, through degree 320, are free of the orbittrackrelated artifacts present in the earlier models. For GRAIL, we obtain an a posteriori fit to the Sband DSN data of 0.13 mm/s. The a posteriori fits to the KBRR data range from 0.08 to 1.5 micrometers/s for GRGM420A and from 0.03 to 0.06 micrometers/s for GRGM660PRIM. Using the GRAIL data, we obtain solutions for the degree 2 Love numbers, k20=0.024615+/-0.0000914, k21=0.023915+/-0.0000132, and k22=0.024852+/-0.0000167, and a preliminary solution for the k30 Love number of k30=0.00734+/-0.0015, where the Love number error sigmas are those obtained with VCE.
    Keywords: Astrophysics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN10532 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets; 118; 8; 1676–1698|AGU Fall Meeting; Dec 09, 2013 - Dec 13, 2013; San Francisco, California; United States
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  • 2
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    Solar System Expansion and Strong Equivalence Principle as Seen by the NASA MESSENGER Mission (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA MESSENGER mission explored the innermost planet of the solar system and obtained a rich dataset of range measurements for the determination of Mercury's ephemeris. Here we use these precise data collected over seven years to estimate parameters related to General Relativity and the evolution of the Sun. These results confirm the validity of the Strong Equivalence Principle with a significantly refined uncertainty of the Nordtvedt parameter eta=(-6.6 plus or minus 7.2)x10(exp -5) By assuming a metric theory of gravitation, we retrieved the Post-Newtonian parameter beta = 1 + (-1.6 plus or minus 1.8)x10(exp -5) and the Sun's gravitational oblateness, J(sub 2 solar)=(2.246 plus or minus 0.022)x10(exp -7). Finally, we obtain an estimate of the time variation of the Sun gravitational parameter, G (raised dot)solar mass/G solar mass =(-6.13 plus or minus 1.47)x10(exp -14), which is consistent with the expected solar mass loss due to the solar wind and interior processes. This measurement allows us to constrain |G(raised dot)|/G to be less than 4 x 10(exp -14) yr(exp -1).
    Keywords: Solar Physics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50758 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN51570 , Nature Communications (e-ISSN 2041-1723); 9; 289
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  • 3
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    Evidence for Surface Water Ice in the Lunar Polar Regions Using Reflectance Measurements from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter and Temperature Measurements from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We find that the reflectance of the lunar surface within 5 deg of latitude of theSouth Pole increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, near approximately 110K, behavior consistent with the presence of surface water ice. The North polar region does not show this behavior, nor do South polar surfaces at latitudes more than 5 deg from the pole. This South pole reflectance anomaly persists when analysis is limited to surfaces with slopes less than 10 deg to eliminate false detection due to the brightening effect of mass wasting, and also when the very bright south polar crater Shackleton is excluded from the analysis. We also find that south polar regions of permanent shadow that have been reported to be generally brighter at 1064 nm do not show anomalous reflectance when their annual maximum surface temperatures are too high to preserve water ice. This distinction is not observed at the North Pole. The reflectance excursion on surfaces with maximum temperatures below 110K is superimposed on a general trend of increasing reflectance with decreasing maximum temperature that is present throughout the polar regions in the north and south; we attribute this trend to a temperature or illumination-dependent space weathering effect (e.g. Hemingway et al. 2015). We also find a sudden increase in reflectance with decreasing temperature superimposed on the general trend at 200K and possibly at 300K. This may indicate the presence of other volatiles such as sulfur or organics. We identified and mapped surfaces with reflectances so high as to be unlikely to be part of an ice-free population. In this south we find a similar distribution found by Hayne et al. 2015 based on UV properties. In the north a cluster of pixels near that pole may represent a limited frost exposure.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration; Geosciences (General)
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN41326 , ICARUS (ISSN 0019-1035); 292; 74-85
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  • 4
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    First Laser Altimeter Measurements of Mercury from the MESSENGER Flyby (2008)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Mercury Laser Altimeter performed the first laser ranging measurements to Mercury during the Mercury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) flyby in January 2008. The instrument successfully ranged to 600 km at an off-nadir angle 〉60 and to 〉1600 km in the nadir direction.
    Keywords: Optics
    Type: Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics; May 05, 2008 - May 09, 2008; San Jose, CA; United States
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  • 5
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    Trilogy, A Planetary Geodesy Mission Concept for Measuring the Expansion of the Solar System (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The scale of the solar system is slowly changing, likely increasing as a result of solar mass loss, with additional change possible if there is a secular variation of the gravitational constant, G. The measurement of the change of scale could provide insight into the past and the future of the solar system, and in addition a better understanding of planetary motion and fundamental physics. Estimates for the expansion of the scale of the solar system are of order 1.5 cm year(exp -1) AU(exp -1), which over several years is an observable quantity with present-day laser ranging systems. This estimate suggests that laser measurements between planets could provide an accurate estimate of the solar system expansion rate. We examine distance measurements between three bodies in the inner solar system -- Earth's Moon, Mars and Venus -- and outline a mission concept for making the measurements. The concept involves placing spacecraft that carry laser ranging transponders in orbit around each body and measuring the distances between the three spacecraft over a period of several years. The analysis of these range measurements would allow the co-estimation of the spacecraft orbit, planetary ephemerides, other geophysical parameters related to the constitution and dynamics of the central bodies, and key geodetic parameters related to the solar system expansion, the Sun, and theoretical physics.
    Keywords: Solar Physics; Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN52817 , Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 153; 127-133
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