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  • Aquatic angiosperm (photosynthesis)  (1)
  • Cytokine  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin-2 ; Chicken ; Chromosomal location ; Cytokine ; Synteny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The gene encoding a chicken cytokine with T-cell proliferative activity was cloned, sequenced, and mapped. The results show that this cytokine is chicken IL2 and not IL15. The exon:intron structure of chicken IL2 corresponds almost exactly to those of mammalian IL2s with the exceptions of exon 2 and introns 2 and 3 which are shorter. Chicken IL2 contains five repeats of the "instability" motif ATTTA in the 3′untranslated region in exon 4. It is a single-copy gene, with neither structural (amino acid) nor promoter sequence polymorphisms identified. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence suggests that overall protein structure is conserved, but the receptor binding sites are not. A number of potential regulatory sequences similar to those found in mammals have been identified in the promoter. These include (5′–3′) a composite NF-AT/ "AP-1" element, a CD28 response element, an AP-1 element, an NF-AT element, and the AP-1 part of an AP-1/octamer composite element. The mammalian NF-κB and octamer binding sites seem to be absent, although there are alternative potential NF-κB and octamer-binding elements in the chicken IL2 promoter, in close proximity to their mammalian homologues. Sequence comparisons also predict other potential transcription factor binding sites as yet undescribed in mammalian IL2 promoters. A Taq I polymorphism was identified which enabled chicken IL2 to be mapped to chromosome 4, linked to ANX5, with synteny with mouse chromosome 3 and human chromosome 4. This is the first non-mammalian cytokine gene to be mapped.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aquatic angiosperm (photosynthesis) ; Bicarbonate utilization ; Egeria (photosynthesis, ultrastructure) ; Photosynthesis (leaf, stem)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic mechanisms have been compared in leaves and, separately, in stems of Egeria densa Planch. In order to correlate the structural and functional characteristics of the two organs (1) the ultrastructural features of leaves and stems have been studied and (2) their photosynthetic activity has been evaluated by measuring in vivo both oxygen evolution and the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence. The results confirm the aquatic behaviour of the leaf which is able to utilize inorganic C supplied both as CO2 and HCO 3 − . In this respect, the different wall organization found in the two cell layers of the leaf is particularly interesting, since it could be related to the known polar mechanism of inorganic-C uptake. The stem, by contrast, behaves rather as an aerial organ, needing very high CO2 concentrations in the aquatic environment in order to carry out photosynthesis. In the stem, the aerenchyma plays a role in supplying the green cells with gaseous respiratory CO2, thus facilitating the photosynthetic activity of the submerged stems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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