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  • Cytochrome P450  (6)
  • Antioxidant  (2)
  • 1
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    Cytochrome P450 induced differentially in endothelial cells cultured from different organs of Anguilla rostrata (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2004. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Society for In Vitro Biology for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 41 (2005): 57-63, doi:10.1290/0409063.1.
    Description: Endothelial cells are a structural barrier and an active regulator of many bodily processes. CYP1A activity is induced in the endothelium of teleosts and mammals exposed to lipophilic xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and can have significant consequences for endothelial functions. We exposed cultures of characterized endothelial cells from the heart, kidney and rete mirabile of the eel, Anguilla rostrata, to AhR agonists. In heart endothelial cells the maximum response (based on EROD activity) to TCDD, 113 pmol/mg-min, was at 1 nM TCDD and the peak response to βNF, 135 pmol/mg-min, was at 3 μM βNF. The maximum response to TCDD in the kidney endothelial cells is 12 pmol/mg-min at 0.3 nM TCDD. The rete mirabile capillary endothelial cells responded minimally or not at all to exposure to TCDD and βNF. Both the heart and kidney endothelial cells (but not the rete mirabile capillary cells) have a low level of EROD activity (12.7 and 5.2 pmol/mg-min respectively) in untreated or DMSO-treated cells. The robust response of the heart endothelial cells to induction and the lack of response in the rete mirabile capillary endothelial cells indicate that these cells are a good resource to use to investigate the physiological consequences of AhR agonist exposure and CYP1A induction in different areas of the vasculature.
    Description: The Faculty Research Council of Fordham University provided partial support for RAG. This research was supported by NIH grant 5-P42-ES07381 and by U.S.EPA grant R827102-01-0.
    Keywords: Teleost ; Eel ; Fish ; Microvasculature ; Endothelium ; pHAH ; Cytochrome P450 ; EROD ; Dioxin
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    A revised evolutionary history of the CYP1A subfamily : gene duplication, gene conversion, and positive selection (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Molecular Evolution 62 (2006): 708-717, doi:10.1007/s00239-005-0134-z.
    Description: Members of cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A (CYP1As) are involved in detoxification and bioactivation of common environmental pollutants. Understanding the functional evolution of these genes is essential to predicting and interpreting species differences in sensitivity to toxicity by such chemicals. The CYP1A gene subfamily comprises a single ancestral representative in most fish species and two paralogs in higher vertebrates, including birds and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis of complete coding sequences suggests that mammalian and bird paralog pairs (CYP1A1/2 and CYP1A4/5, respectively) are the result of independent gene duplication events. However, comparison of vertebrate genome sequences revealed that CYP1A genes lie within an extended region of conserved fine-scale synteny, suggesting that avian and mammalian CYP1A paralogs share a common genomic history. Algorithms designed to detect recombination between nucleotide sequences indicate that gene conversion has homogenized most of the length of the chicken CYP1A genes, as well as the 5’ end of mammalian CYP1As. Together, these data indicate that avian and mammalian CYP1A paralog pairs resulted from a single gene duplication event and that extensive gene conversion is responsible for the exceptionally high degree of sequence similarity between CYP1A4 and CYP1A5. Elevated non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratios within a putatively unconverted stretch of ~250 bp suggests that positive selection may have reduced the effective rate of gene conversion in this region, which contains two substrate recognition sites. This work significantly alters our understanding of functional evolution in the CYP1A subfamily, suggesting that gene conversion and positive selection have been the dominant processes of sequence evolution.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the NIH Superfund Basic Research Program at Boston University (5-P42-ES-07381) and by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Cytochrome P450 ; Gene conversion ; Gene duplication ; Chicken ; Mammalian
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  • 3
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    The role of Nrf1 and Nrf2 in the regulation of glutathione and redox dynamics in the developing zebrafish embryo (2017)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Redox Biology 13 (2017): 207–218, doi:10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.023.
    Description: Redox signaling is important for embryogenesis, guiding pathways that govern processes crucial for embryo patterning, including cell polarization, proliferation, and apoptosis. Exposure to pro-oxidants during this period can be deleterious, resulting in altered physiology, teratogenesis, later-life diseases, or lethality. We previously reported that the glutathione antioxidant defense system becomes increasingly robust, including a doubling of total glutathione and dynamic shifts in the glutathione redox potential at specific stages during embryonic development in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes are unclear, as is the effectiveness of the glutathione system in ameliorating oxidative insults to the embryo at different stages. Here, we examine how the glutathione system responds to the model pro-oxidants tert-butylhydroperoxide and tert-butylhydroquinone at different developmental stages, and the role of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf) proteins in regulating developmental glutathione redox status. Embryos became increasingly sensitive to pro-oxidants after 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), after which the duration of the recovery period for the glutathione redox potential was increased. To determine whether the doubling of glutathione or the dynamic changes in glutathione redox potential are mediated by zebrafish paralogs of Nrf transcription factors, morpholino oligonucleotides were used to knock down translation of Nrf1 and Nrf2 (nrf1a, nrf1b, nrf2a, nrf2b). Knockdown of Nrf1a or Nrf1b perturbed glutathione redox state until 72 hpf. Knockdown of Nrf2 paralogs also perturbed glutathione redox state but did not significantly affect the response of glutathione to pro-oxidants. Nrf1b morphants had decreased gene expression of glutathione synthesis enzymes, while hsp70 increased in Nrf2b morphants. This work demonstrates that despite having a more robust glutathione system, embryos become more sensitive to oxidative stress later in development, and that neither Nrf1 nor Nrf2 alone appear to be essential for the response and recovery of glutathione to oxidative insults.
    Description: This research was supported by several NIH grants, including F32ES028085 (to KES), F32ES017585 (to ART-L), F32ES019832 (to LMW), P20GM103423 (to LMW), R01ES025748 (to ART-L), R01ES015912 (JJS), and R01ES016366 (MEH). Additional research support was provided by the J. Seward Johnson Fund at WHOI and the WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar Award with funding from Walter A. and Hope Noyes Smith (to ART-L).
    Keywords: Embryonic development ; Glutathione ; Oxidative stress ; Redox ; Zebrafish ; Antioxidant
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Glutathione redox dynamics and expression of glutathione-related genes in the developing embryo (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Free Radical Biology and Medicine 65 (2013): 89-101, doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.011.
    Description: Embryonic development involves dramatic changes in cell proliferation and differentiation that must be highly coordinated and tightly regulated. Cellular redox balance is critical for cell fate decisions, but it is susceptible to disruption by endogenous and exogenous sources of oxidative stress. The most abundant endogenous non-protein antioxidant defense molecule is the tri-peptide glutathione (ϒ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH), but the ontogeny of GSH concentration and redox state during early life stages is poorly understood. Here, we describe the GSH redox dynamics during embryonic and early larval development (0-5 days post-fertilization) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model vertebrate embryo. We measured reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG) using HPLC, and calculated the whole embryo total glutathione (GSHT) concentrations and redox potentials (Eh) over 0-120 hours of zebrafish development (including mature oocytes, fertilization, mid-blastula transition, gastrulation, somitogenesis, pharyngula, pre-hatch embryos, and hatched eleutheroembryos). GSHT concentration doubled between 12 hours post fertilization (hpf) and hatching. The GSH Eh increased, becoming more oxidizing during the first 12 h, and then oscillated around -190 mV through organogenesis, followed by a rapid change, associated with hatching, to a more negative (more reducing) Eh (-220 mV). After hatching, Eh stabilized and remained steady through 120 hpf. The dynamic changes in GSH redox status and concentration defined discrete windows of development: primary organogenesis, organ differentiation, and larval growth. We identified the set of zebrafish genes involved in the synthesis, utilization, and recycling of GSH, including several novel paralogs, and measured how expression of these genes changes during development. Ontogenic changes in the expression of GSH-related genes support the hypothesis that GSH redox state is tightly regulated early in development. This study provides a foundation for understanding the redox regulation of developmental signaling and investigating the effects of oxidative stress during embryogenesis.
    Description: This research was supported by NIH grants F32ES017585 (to ART-L), R01ES016366 (to MEH), R01ES015912 (to JJS), a WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar award with funding from Walter A. and Hope Noyes Smith (to ART-L), and Emory+Egelston Children’s Research Grant (to JMH).
    Keywords: Oxidative stress ; Embryonic development ; Redox ; Antioxidant ; Gene expression ; Glutathione ; Zebrafish
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Characterization of a virally encoded flavodoxin that can drive bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity (2023)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lamb, D. C., Goldstone, J. V., Zhao, B., Lei, L., Mullins, J. G. L., Allen, M. J., Kelly, S. L., & Stegeman, J. J. Characterization of a virally encoded flavodoxin that can drive bacterial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. Biomolecules, 12(8), (2022): 1107, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081107.
    Description: Flavodoxins are small electron transport proteins that are involved in a myriad of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic metabolic pathways in Bacteria (including cyanobacteria), Archaea and some algae. The sequenced genome of 0305φ8-36, a large bacteriophage that infects the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, was predicted to encode a putative flavodoxin redox protein. Here we confirm that 0305φ8-36 phage encodes a FMN-containing flavodoxin polypeptide and we report the expression, purification and enzymatic characterization of the recombinant protein. Purified 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin has near-identical spectral properties to control, purified Escherichia coli flavodoxin. Using in vitro assays we show that 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin can be reconstituted with E. coli flavodoxin reductase and support regio- and stereospecific cytochrome P450 CYP170A1 allyl-oxidation of epi-isozizaene to the sesquiterpene antibiotic product albaflavenone, found in the soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. In vivo, 0305φ8-36 flavodoxin is predicted to mediate the 2-electron reduction of the β subunit of phage-encoded ribonucleotide reductase to catalyse the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides during viral replication. Our results demonstrate that this phage flavodoxin has the potential to manipulate and drive bacterial P450 cellular metabolism, which may affect both the host biological fitness and the communal microbiome. Such a scenario may also be applicable in other viral-host symbiotic/parasitic relationships.
    Description: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant 5U41HG003345 (J.V.G.), by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, NIH P01 ES021923 and NSF OCE-1314642 (J.J.S.), and by a Fulbright Scholarship (to D.C.L.). Funding at Swansea University supported by the European Regional Development Fund/Welsh European Funding Office via the BEACON project (S.L.K).
    Keywords: Flavodoxin ; Virus/phage ; Cytochrome P450 ; Evolution ; Bacteria
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  • 6
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    Isolation and phylogeny of novel cytochrome P450 genes from tunicates (Ciona spp.) : a CYP3 line in early deuterostomes? (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V., 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (2006): 760-771, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.017.
    Description: Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) form a gene superfamily involved in the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous natural and synthetic compounds. In humans, CYP3A4 is regarded as one of the most important CYPs due to its abundance in liver and its capacity to metabolize more than 50% of all clinically used drugs. It has been suggested that all CYP3s arose from a common ancestral gene lineage that diverged between 800 and 1100 million years ago, before the deuterostome-protostome split. While CYP3s are well known in mammals and have been described in lower vertebrates, they have not been reported in non-vertebrate deuterostomes. Members of the genus Ciona belong to the tunicates, whose lineage is thought to be the most basal among the chordates, and from which the vertebrate line diverged. Here we describe the cloning, exon-intron structure, phylogeny, and estimated expression of four novel genes from Ciona intestinalis. We also describe the gene structure and phylogeny of homologous genes in Ciona savignyi. Comparing these genes with other members of the CYP clan 3, show that the Ciona sequences bear remarkable similarity to vertebrate CYP3A genes, and may be an early deuterostome CYP3 line.
    Description: These studies were supported in part by NIH grant 2-P42-ES07381 to J.J. Stegeman. Tim Verslycke was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding from the Ocean Life Institute and by a Fellowship of the Belgian American Educational Foundation. Jared Goldstone was supported by a Ruth Kirschstein National Research Service Award (NIH 5F32ES 012794).
    Keywords: Ciona intestinalis ; Ciona savignyi ; Cytochrome P450 ; CYP3 ; Phylogeny ; Nomenclature
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  • 7
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    Pacific Ocean–wide profile of CYP1A1 expression, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and organic contaminant burden in sperm whale skin biopsies (2011)
    National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (2011): 337-343, doi:10.1289/ehp.0901809.
    Description: Background: Ocean pollution affects marine organisms and ecosystems as well as humans. The International Oceanographic Commission recommends ocean health monitoring programs to investigate the presence of marine contaminants and the health of threatened species and the use of multiple and early-warning biomarker approaches. Objective: We explored the hypothesis that biomarker and contaminant analyses in skin biopsies of the threatened sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) could reveal geographical trends in exposure on an oceanwide scale. Methods: We analyzed cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression (by immunohistochemistry), stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios (as general indicators of trophic position and latitude, respectively), and contaminant burdens in skin biopsies to explore regional trends in the Pacific Ocean. Results: Biomarker analyses revealed significant regional differences within the Pacific Ocean. CYP1A1 expression was highest in whales from the Galapagos, a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Heritage marine reserve, and was lowest in the sampling sites farthest away from continents. We examined the possible influence of the whales’ sex, diet, or range and other parameters on regional variation in CYP1A1 expression, but data were inconclusive. In general, CYP1A1 expression was not significantly correlated with contaminant burdens in blubber. However, small sample sizes precluded detailed chemical analyses, and power to detect significant associations was limited. Conclusions: Our large-scale monitoring study was successful at identifying regional differences in CYP1A1 expression, providing a baseline for this known biomarker of exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. However, we could not identify factors that explained this variation. Future oceanwide CYP1A1 expression profiles in cetacean skin biopsies are warranted and could reveal whether globally distributed chemicals occur at biochemically relevant concentrations on a global basis, which may provide a measure of ocean integrity.
    Description: Funding was provided by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant P42-ES-0469, Superfund Basic Research Program grant P42ES007381, NOAA Sea Grant NA86RG0075 R/B-162, and the Ocean Alliance.
    Keywords: Biomarkers ; CYP1A1 ; Cytochrome P450 ; Marine ecosystem ; Marine mammal ; PAH ; PCB ; PHAH ; Sperm whale ; Stable isotope
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    The new vertebrate CYP1C family : cloning of new subfamily members and phylogenetic analysis (2006)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 331 (2005): 1016-1024, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.231.
    Description: Two novel CYP1 genes from teleost fish constituting a new subfamily have been cloned. These paralogous sequences are designated CYP1C1 and CYP1C2. Both genes were initially obtained from untreated scup Stenotomus chrysops tissues by RT-PCR and RACE. Scup CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 code for 524 and 525 amino acids, respectively, and share 80-81% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Orthologues of CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 were identified in genome databases for other fish species, and both CYP1B1 and CYP1C1 were cloned from zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phylogenetic analysis shows that CYP1Cs and CYP1Bs constitute a sister clade to the CYP1As. Analysis of sequence domains likely to have functional significance suggests the two CYP1Cs in scup may have catalytic functions and/or substrate specificity that differ from each other and from those of mammalian CYP1Bs or CYP1As. RT-PCR results indicate that CYP1C1 and CYP1C2 are variously expressed in several scup organs.
    Description: This work was supported by EPA grant R 827102-01-0 and NIH grants 5 P42-ES07381 and ES04696. JVG is supported by a Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Fellowship (F32 ES012794).
    Keywords: Cytochrome P450 ; CYP1A ; CYP1B1 ; CYP1C ; PAH ; Planar aromatic hydrocarbons
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