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  • Articles  (150)
  • Animals  (76)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (56)
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  • 1
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    Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Scenarios of changes in biodiversity for the year 2100 can now be developed based on scenarios of changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate, vegetation, and land use and the known sensitivity of biodiversity to these changes. This study identified a ranking of the importance of drivers of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. For freshwater ecosystems, biotic exchange is much more important. Mediterranean climate and grassland ecosystems likely will experience the greatest proportional change in biodiversity because of the substantial influence of all drivers of biodiversity change. Northern temperate ecosystems are estimated to experience the least biodiversity change because major land-use change has already occurred. Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sala, O E -- Chapin, F S 3rd -- Armesto, J J -- Berlow, E -- Bloomfield, J -- Dirzo, R -- Huber-Sanwald, E -- Huenneke, L F -- Jackson, R B -- Kinzig, A -- Leemans, R -- Lodge, D M -- Mooney, H A -- Oesterheld, M -- Poff, N L -- Sykes, M T -- Walker, B H -- Walker, M -- Wall, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1770-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiologicas y Ecologicas vinculadas a la Agricultura, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires 1417, Argentina. sala@ifeva.edu.ar〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Models, Biological ; Nitrogen
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Induction of mucosal and systemic immunity to a recombinant simian immunodeficiency viral protein (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-20
    Description: Heterosexual transmission through the cervico-vaginal mucosa is the principal route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Africa and is increasing in the United States and Europe. Vaginal immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) had not yet been studied in nonhuman primates. Immune responses in macaques were investigated by stimulation of the genital and gut-associated lymphoid tissue with a recombinant, particulate SIV antigen. Vaginal, followed by oral, administration of the vaccine elicited three types of immunity: (i) gag protein p27-specific, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the vaginal fluid, (ii) specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and helper function in B cell p27-specific IgA synthesis in the genital lymph nodes, and (iii) specific serum IgA and IgG, with CD4+ T cell proliferative and helper functions in the circulating blood.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lehner, T -- Bergmeier, L A -- Panagiotidi, C -- Tao, L -- Brookes, R -- Klavinskis, L S -- Walker, P -- Walker, J -- Ward, R G -- Hussain, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 20;258(5086):1365-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Immunology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1360702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Female ; Gene Products, gag/*immunology ; Immunity ; Immunoglobulin A/immunology ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Macaca mulatta ; Mucous Membrane/immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; Saliva/immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Vagina/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High performance size exclusion chromatography of polyamic acidPortions of this article were presented at the November 1985 The Society of Plastic Engineers Second International Conference on Polyimides, Ellenville, NY. (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1649-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular weight studies of polyamic acids are complicated by polyelectrolyte effects. Although early work on the molecular weight determination of polyamic acids employed salts to suppress this polyelectrolyte effect, recent publications reveal that such salts can cause precipitation of polyamic acids from solution, however, a mobile phase consisting of 0.03M LiBr/0.03M H3PO4/1% vol THF in dimethyl formamide was reported to successfully suppress the noted polyelectrolyte effect without causing the precipitation of polyamic acid and give satisfactory size exclusion chromatograms using columns packed with “macro-porous” glasses. However, the development time was long (ca. 4 h) and considering the lability of the polyamic acids, the results must be viewed with skepticism. We find that use of a similar “mixed” mobile phase with Zorbax® PSM-Bimodal columns using size exclusion chromatography in the high performance mode (HPSEC) provides well resolved and reproducible chromatograms and molecular weight data with development times of 〈 15 min. Aside from the avoidance of long development times, which can lead to questionable results, this procedure permits the facile routine analysis of polyamic acid on a daily basis. The procedure has great utility as an analytical tool to support fundamental studies of polyamic acid chemistry and two examples of this application are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260615
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New chemically prepared conducting “pyrrole blacks” (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 1285-1294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of electrically conducting pyrrole “black” polymers has been prepared by chemical oxidation of pyrrole with a variety of ferric salts. The synthesis and properties of these materials are described and compared with electrochemically-prepared analogs. Pyrrole “blacks” with strong acid anion “dopants” exhibited the highest conductivities, up to 62 Ω cm-1 for the triflate-doped polymer. The adjustability and ease of synthesis of the ferric-derived polypyrroles render these particularly promising for large-scale processing of conducting polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260503
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic syntheses of terminally functionalized ethylene oligomers (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4205-4226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic procedures for preparation of terminally functionalized linear ethylene oligomers are described. The preferred synthetic method is anionic oligomerization of ethylene with n-butyllithium-tetramethylethylenediamine and electrophilic substitution of the living oligomer so-formed. Conditions and procedures for subsequent chemistry to elaborate the end groups of these oligomers are described. These procedures afford strictly linear ethylene oligomers which contain a wide variety of end groups and which range in molecular weight from 1000 to 4500 (Mn). The product oligomers were characterized spectroscopically as toluene-d8 solutions at 110°C using multinuclear NMR, FT-IR, fluorescence, and UV-visible spectroscopies as appropriate. Alternative stepwise approaches to such oligomers are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080271226
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new method for measuring permeability of bio-impregnated textile grafts (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Traditional water permeability evaluation procedures developed for measurement of gross leakage rates of textile prostheses are not adequate for testing the permeability of low-porosity bio-impregnated vascular prostheses. Obtaining reliable water permeability data for these low porosity grafts requires a technique that can accurately assess minor water leakage under the applied pressure. This study proposes an automated method for graft permeability assessment which measures the pressure change inside the graft sample as a function of water loss. The new unit of water permeability defines the pressure gradient at the given initial conditions. The proposed method for evaluating the water permeability of bio-impregnated vascular prostheses provides highly reliable data, is accurate, and excludes human error.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meta-bromobiphenol epoxy resins: Applications in electronic packaging and printed circuit board (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 1315-1321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Novel 2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromo-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4,4′-biphenol (TBTMBP), and its epoxy derivatives, were synthesized to incorporate the stable meta-brominated phenol moiety into epoxy resin systems. In electronic encapsulation and laminate applications, epoxy systems derived from TBTMBP have exhibited superior hydrolytic and thermal stability as compared with the conventional ortho-brominated epoxy resins. These properties have resulted in an extended device life for semiconductors and a high Tg with excellent blister resistance for the printed circuit board, while meeting flame retardancy requirements as well.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070430713
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification of polyethylene by photochemical grafting with 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 47 (1993), S. 1075-1082 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photochemical grafting of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate onto low-density polyethylene film is described. The grafting technique employed involved irradiating a solution of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and benzophenone in acetone spread between films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) or glass and low-density polyethylene. After irradiation for 2 min, the contact angle of the polyethylene films with water fell from 97° to about 50°. The contact angle of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate also fell during grafting. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was consistent with the presence of poly(2-hydroxethylmethacrylate) at the surface of the polyethylene. The effect of solvent on the photochemical grafting of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate onto low-density polyethylene is discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070470614
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of a phenyl substituted siloxane polymer (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 2055-2057 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070461119
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies in optical properties and optical radiation hardness of polyorganosiloxanes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44 (1992), S. 1695-1701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A variety of polyorganosiloxanes containing dimethyl, diphenyl, and methylphenyl substituents were studied to determine transparency and optical radiation hardness. Siloxanes show superior optical radiation hardness when compared to optical thermoplastics such as PMMA. Transparency is diminished in polymers containing diphenyl units. This is attributed to the inability to remove traces of the crystalline monomer. Methylphenyl polymers are highly transparent. The maximum attainable refractive index in transparent systems is 1.53.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070441002
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