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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (4)
  • ethane  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Burnett apparatus ; compressibility factor ; density ; ethane ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; refractive index ; Z-meter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The European Gas Research Group (GERG; Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières) initiated a round-robin test of six Z-meters manufactured by Desgranges et Huot, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device to back up the pVT data of the Z-meters. Two gas mixtures were measured. One mixture contained 49.7 mol% of methane and 50.3 mol% of nitrogen; the second mixture 81.3 mol% of methane, 16.4 mol% of ethane, and 2.3 mol% of propane. The test temperatures were mainly 280 and 300 K for the first mixture and 290 and 320 K for the second mixture. The maximum pressures were 8 MPa for Z-meters and 12 MPa for the Burnett apparatus and the grating interferometer. The experimental compressibility factors Z of the six Z-meters are generally in agreement within ±0.05%. The agreement with the reference data from the Burnett apparatus and the refractive index measurements is also within ± 0.05%. Only two isotherms of the binary mixtures differ by about 0.1% from the other data. Recent natural gas measurements show substantially the same results.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 81-95 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; ethane ; Lorentz-Lorenz law ; mixtures ; refraction virial coefficient ; interaction second virial coefficient ; compressibility factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The compressibility behavior of the CO2-C2H6 system was investigated experimentally. In this work, the refractive indexes of the pure gases and the mixtures were measured using an optical apparatus. On the basis of these data, density and compressibility factors were computed using the Lorentz-Lorenz law. For the pure components, carbon dioxide and ethane, the data from the optical system were slightly adjusted by a fit to Burnett apparatus data measured separately. The experiments produced very accurate virial coefficients and refraction virial coefficients. This paper reports on the effect of temperature on the second and third virial coefficients. For the first refraction virial coefficient, no influence of temperature was found with the equipment used. The interaction second virial coefficient B 12 (as a function of temperature) was computed from experimental data for the CO2-C2H6 binary system. The data, for which an accuracy of ±1.5 cm3 · mol−1 was estimated, are in agreement with the data published by Holste et al.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Leukotriene C4 and N-acetyl leukotriene E4 were determined in rat bile using a procedure based on high-performance liquid chromatographic fractionation, hydrogenation to 5-hydroxyeicosanoic acid, and gas chomatographic/mass spectrometric selected ion monitoring analysis of the pentafluorobenzyl ester, trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. 13C4-Labeled analogs of the leukotrienes were synthesized and used as internal standards. The concentrations of both leukotrienes in rat bile were markedly elevated after administration of endotoxin to anesthetized animals; N-acetyl leukotriene E4 was the more abundant product. The presence of leukotriene C4 in rat bile after endotoxin challenge was confirmed by fast atom bombardment/tandem mass spectrometry with precursor ion scanning. Quantitative determination of leukotriene C4 using the tandem mass spectrometric procedure was consistent wth the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data but the latter procedure gave a substantially lower detection limit.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: For the interpretation of experimental data on the activation energy and free activation enthalpy for the inversion of cyclohexane and its di-, tetra- and hexa-methyl derivatives, model calculations were made to determine the ‘relative’ energies of the ground, intermediate and transition states of the molecules. For this purpose Hendrickson's model was extended so that with internal molecular variables (bond lengths, valence and torsional angles) the topography and the ‘relative’ energy of every possible unsymmetrical conformation could be included.To obtain optimal agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results a total of 17 different combinations of potential functions for deformation of valence angles, torsional angles and H—H interactions were used. By application of the extended calculating procedure it was found that for cyclohexane the half-chair conformation is not, as until now assumed, the only transition conformation in chair inversion, but that there are numerous other unsymmetrical transition conformations with similar energies.The calculations for methyl cyclohexanes showed that for molecules with synaxial arrangement of methyl groups the relative energy of the chair form is considerably increased. The chair form is however still the most stable, even in the case of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclohexane. The most favourable twist conformations are about 2.6 to 6.5 kcal/mole energy richer.Calculation of activation energies showed that, with synaxial arrangement of two or more methyl groups, the relative energy of the transition conformation is less markedly increased than is that of the ground state, with the result that the activation energy is reduced in comparison with that for cyclohexane.
    Notes: Zur Interpretation der experimentell bestimmten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie bzw. der freien Aktivierungsenthalpie der Ringinversion wurden für Cyclohexan, 1,1-Dimethyl-, 1,1,3,3- und 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl- sowie 1,1,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexan Modellberechnungen des ‘relativen’ Energieinhalts von Grund-, Zwischen- und Übergangskonformationen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde das Hendrickson'sche Rechenmodell so erweitert, daß mit molekülinternen Variablen (Bindungsabständen, Valenz- und Torsionswinkeln) die Topographie und der ‘relative Energieinhalt’ jeder beliebigen unsymmetrischen Konformation berechnet warden können.Zur optimalen Anpassung der berechneten Daten an die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden insgesamt 17 verschiedene Kombinationen von Potentialfunktionen für Deformation von Valenzund Torsionswinkeln und H—H-Wechselwirkung verwendet.Bei Anwendung des erweiteren Rechenverfahrens auf die Cyclohexanmolekel ergab sich, daß die halbsesselähnliche Konformation nicht, wie bisher angenommen, einzige Übergangskonformation der Sesselinversion ist, vielmehr gibt es außerdem unendlich viele unsymmetrische Übergangskon-formationen gleichen Energieinhalts. Die Rechnungen ergaben für die Methylcyclohexane, daß bei Molekülen mit synaxialer Anordnung von Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt des Sessels zwar stark angehoben ist, der Sessel ist jedoch in allen Fällen selbst bei den Molekeln des 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexans die stabilste Konformation. Die günstigsten Twistkonformationen sind um 2,6 bis 6,5 kcal/mol energiereicher. Bei der Berechnung der Aktivierungsenergie wurde gefunden, daß bei synaxialer Stellung von mindestens zwei Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation weniger stark angehoben ist als derjenige der Sesselform, wodurch die Aktivierungsenergie im Vergleich zum Cyclohexan erniedrigt wird; bei 1,4-Stellung der Substituenten wird dagegen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation stärker angehoben als der des Grundzustandes, die Aktivierungsenergie wird erhöht.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The conformational equilibria and conversions of 4.5.6-trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptene-(1) (1) and the 3′.6′-dimethoxy-, 3′.6′-dimethyl- and 3′.6′-diphenyl- derivatives (2, 3 and 4) were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Solutions of these substances are equilibrium mixtures of two conformers, one presumably having a chair form and the other a boat form. The free enthalpy of the boat conformer ΔGB is dependent on the size of the substituents (R) in the 3′ and 6′ positions. The ΔGB values for R = H, OCH3, C6H5 and CH3 are 1,03, 0,82, 0,50 and -0,19 kcal/moles, respectively. By slow crystallization one conformer of the substituted trithiabenzocycloheptenes may be obtained in a pure crystalline form. The dimethoxy derivative crystallizes in the chair form, whereas the dimethyl and the diphenyl derivatives crystallize in the boat form. After dissolving the crystals, the conformational equilibrium is restored; at 0°C the half-lifes range from 2 to 15 minutes. By means of the temperature dependence of the NMR spectra two different types of conformational changes may be distinguished experimentally: the slower one is assigned to the inversion of the seven membered ring and the faster one to its pseudorotation. The free enthalpy of activation ΔGv≠ of the inversion was determined for 4.5.6-trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptene-(1) by the ‘line-shape’ method and for the diphenyl derivative by the ‘equilibration’ method. Both methods were applied to the other derivatives. The ΔGv≠ values obtained by the two different methods agree well with one another. The free enthalpy of activation of the inversion ΔGv≠ and of the pseudorotation ΔGp≠ both depend on the nature of the substituents. The ΔGv≠ values range from 17,9 to 20,5 kcal/mole and the ΔGp≠ values are equal to or lower than 11,4 kcal/mole.
    Notes: Die Konformerengleichgewichte und die konformativen Umwandlungsprozesse des 4.5.6-Trithia-1,2-benzocycloheptens-(1) (1) sowie seiner 3′.6′-Dimethoxy-, 3′.6′-Dimethyl- und 3′.6′-Diphenyl- derivate (2, 3 und 4) wurden PR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Die Lösungen dieser Substanzen sind Gleichgewichtsgemische zweier Konformerer, von denen das eine vermutlich Sesselform, das andere Wannenform hat. Der Wert der freien Konformationsenthalpie ΔGw des Wannenkonformeren ist abhängig von der Größe der Substituenten R in 3′- und 6′-Stellung. ΔGw beträgt für R = H 1,03 kcal/Mol, R = OCH3 0,82 kcal/Mol, R = C6H5 0,50 kcal/Mol und R = CH3 -0,19 kcal/Mol. Durch Kristallisation bei +60° kann im Falle der substituierten Trithiabenzocycloheptene jeweils ein reines Konformeres in kristalliner Form erhalten werden. Beim Dimethoxyderivat kristallisiert das Sesselkonformere, beim Dimethyl- und dem Diphenylderivat das Wannenkonformere aus. Nach Auflösen der Kristalle erfolgt Einstellung des Konformerengleichgewichts; bei 0°C betragen die Halbwertszeiten 2 bis 15 Minuten. Anhand der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzen kann experimentell zwischen zwei verschiedenen konformativen Umwandlungsprozessen unterschieden werden: Der langsamere Prozess wird der Version, der schnellere der Pseudorotation des Siebenringes zugeordnet. Die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie ΔGv≠ der Version wurde im Falle des 4.5.6-Trithia-1.2-benzocycloheptens-(1) nach der ‘line-shape’-Methode, im Falle des Diphenylderivates nach der ‘Äquilibrierungs’-Methode bestimmt. Die beiden anderen Verbindungen wurden mit beiden Methoden untersucht. Die mit den verschiedenen Methoden bestimmten ΔGv≠-Werte stimmen gut überein. Die freie Aktivierungsenthalpie der Version ΔGv≠ unmd diejenige der Pseudorotation ΔGP≠-Werte ≤ 11,4 kcal/Mol.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 2 (1970), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The substituent dependence of the rotation barriers around the N—B bond in a series of N,N-dialkylaminoboranes was investigated by NMR. It was found that (1) there is a significant dependence on the size of the substituent, which arises from a ‘steric hindrance of mesomerism’ and (2) in certain cases exceptional facilitation of rotation occurs when alkyl groups on the boron atom are replaced by a chlorine atom or a second amino group. The lowering of the rotation barrier by about 10 kcal/mole in bisamino compounds compared with the corresponding monoamino compounds is explained on the basis of a lowering of the double bond character of each N—B bond owing to the participation of two N-atoms in the mesomerism of the ground state. This effect is much larger with amino groups than with chlorine atoms.
    Notes: An einer Anzahl von N,N-Dialkylaminoboranen wurde die Substituentenabhängigkeit der Rotationsbarriere um die N—B-Bindung mit Protonenresonanzen studiert. Dabei konnte (1) eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Barriere von der Größe der Substituenten festgestellt werden, die auf eine ‘sterische Behinderung der Mesomerie’ zurückgeführt wird, und (2) eine z.T. außerordentlich große Erleichterung der Rotation, wenn Alkylgruppen am Bor durch ein Chlor bzw. eine zweite Aminogruppe substituiert werden. Die Erniedrigung der Rotationsbarriere um ca. 10 kcal/Mol in Bis-aminoverbindungen verglichen mit den entsprechenden Monoaminoverbindungen wird durch eine Verminderung des Doppelbindungsgrades jeder N—B-Bindung infolge Beteiligung zweier N-Atome an der Mesomerie des Grundzustandes erklärt. Dieser Effekt ist bei der Aminogruppe weit größer als bei einem Chloratom.
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