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  • Articles  (17)
  • Prebiotic  (15)
  • Amino Acids  (3)
  • Polymerization  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Prebiotic Activation ; Peptides ; Aminoacylnucleotides ; Nucleoside Phosphoramidates ; Amino Acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The reactions of benzoate ion and of glycine with adenosine 5′-phosphorimidazolide have been investigated. Benzoate reacts first to give the anhydride, benzoyl-adenylate, which, in the presence of excess imidazole, reacts further to give the 2′- and 3′-esters of adenosine 5′-phosphate. Glycine also first attacks the imidazolide to give an anhydride, but this compound may react further either to give 2′- and 3′-esters or to form peptides, depending on the reaction conditions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 5 (1975), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Polyuridylic Acid ; Triple-Helix Formation ; Melting Temperatures ; Nucleoside Phosphoramidates ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have prepared a variety of derivatives of adenosine which, at neutral pH's, carry protonated amine functions. These derivatives form stable helical structures with polyuridylic acid, but the melting points are not substantially higher than those of helical complexes formed by adenosine derivatives lacking cationic groups.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 6 (1975), S. 185-197 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Prebiotic Activation ; Peptides ; Inorganic Polyphosphates ; Trimetaphosphate ; Amino Acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The reactions of glycine with inorganic polyphosphates in the solid state have been studied. The formation of peptides up to the decamer occurs at moderate temperatures (r.t.−100°C) in the presence of imidazole and magnesium chloride. If adenosine 5′-monophosphate is added to the reaction mixture, 2′(3′)-O-glycyl adenosine 5′-monophosphate is also obtained. These reactions could have occurred on the primitive earth.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 7 (1976), S. 253-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: 2′-Amino-2′-Deoxyuridine ; 2′-Amino-2′-Deoxyuridine 5′-Phosphor-imidazolide ; Polycondensation ; Nucleotide Analogues ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2′-Amino-2′-deoxyuridine reacts efficiently with nucleoside 5′-phosphorimidazolides in aqueous solution. The dinucleoside monophosphate analogues were obtained in yields exceeding 80% under conditions in which little reaction occurs with the natural nucleosides. In a similar way, the 5′-phosphorimidazolide of 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine undergoes self-condensation in aqueous solution to give a complex mixture of oligomers. The phosphoramidate bond in the dinucleoside monophosphate analogues is stable for several days at room temperature and pH 7. The mechanisms of their hydrolysis under acidic and alkaline conditions are described.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 1 (1972), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Prebiotic ; Nucleosides ; Dry-phase ; Seawater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purine nucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, inosine, xanthosine) are formed when the corresponding purine bases and D-ribose are heated together in the presence of certain salts and minerals. The salts remaining after the evaporation of seawater are particularly effective in these syntheses. The relevance of these reactions for prebiological evolution is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: P1, P2-Dinucleoside 5′-Pyrophosphates ; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Organic pyrophosphates such as UppA and NAD are formed when a solution containing a nucleotide, a nucleoside 5′-polyphosphate, Mg2+ and imidazole are allowed to dry out. We suggest that this synthesis may have occured concurrently with oligonucleotide formation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Adenosine 5′-phosphorimidazolide ; Template-directed condensation ; Oligoadenylates ; Adsorption ; Hydroxyapatite ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyuridylic acid is adsorbed completely from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite under conditions that permit template-directed synthesis of oligoadenylates in free solution. The yield of oligoadenylates is enhanced to almost the same extent by poly(U) in the presence or the absence of hydroxyapatite. Under very similar conditions small quantities of hydroxyapatite adsorb higher molecular-weight oligoadenylates selectively from a mixture of oligomers. On the basis of these results we propose a mechanism for prebiotic oligonucleotide formation in which selective adsorption on hydroxyapatite or some other immobilized anion-exchanging material plays a major role. Monomers are released from the surface for reactivation, while oligomers are retained in a protected environment by adsorption to the apatite surface.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 3 (1974), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Adenosine Cyclic 2′, 3′-Phosphate ; Polymerization ; 1, 2-Diaminoethane ; Oligonucleotides ; Prebiotic ; Gel Permeation ; Ion Exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adenosine cyclic 2′, 3′-phosphate has been polymerized at room temperature in the dry state using 1, 2-diaminoethane at alkaline pH as catalyst. The high molecular weight products have been analyzed by several different methods, including ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography and phosphate end-group analysis. Gel permeation chromatography showed that between 3.6% and 8.1% of material higher than the hexamer was formed in 3-, 15- and 40-day reactions. The material from a large-scale, 3-day reaction mixture was first fractionated by ion exchange chromatography and the highest molecular weight material then further fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. End-group analysis on the fractions obtained by this procedure showed that 0.67% of the total reaction mixture was polymer with an average chainlength of 13.4; a trace (0.15%) of higher polymer was also formed, but there was insufficient to determine its average chainlength. The prebiological relevance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 3 (1974), S. 141-150 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Clay ; Montmorillonite ; Phosphoramidates ; Polymerization ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nucleoside phosphoramidates derived from polyamines containing at least three amine groups are strongly adsorbed by sodium and magnesium montmorillonite clays even from very dilute solutions. Heating the dried clay-phosphoramidate mixture results in the production of small amounts of the dinucleotides.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 2 (1973), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Polymerization ; Phosphorylation ; Adenosine Cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate ; Oligonucleotides ; Amines ; 2-Aminoethanol ; Amino Acids ; Prebiotic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When adenosine cyclic 2′,3′-phosphate is evaporated from solution in the presence of simple catalysts such as aliphatic diamines at alkaline pH, and maintained in a dry state at moderate temperatures (25-85°C), self-polymerization to give oligonucleotides of chainlength up to at least 6 is observed. The products contain an excess of [3′→5′]-linkages over [2′→5′]-linkages. The effects of different catalysts and reaction conditions on the efficiency of the reaction are described. The prebiological relevance of these reactions is discussed.
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