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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1998-07-24
    Description: Selective protein kinase inhibitors were developed on the basis of the unexpected binding mode of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines to the adenosine triphosphate-binding site of the human cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). By iterating chemical library synthesis and biological screening, potent inhibitors of the human CDK2-cyclin A kinase complex and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc28p were identified. The structural basis for the binding affinity and selectivity was determined by analysis of a three-dimensional crystal structure of a CDK2-inhibitor complex. The cellular effects of these compounds were characterized in mammalian cells and yeast. In the latter case the effects were characterized on a genome-wide scale by monitoring changes in messenger RNA levels in treated cells with high-density oligonucleotide probe arrays. Purine libraries could provide useful tools for analyzing a variety of signaling and regulatory pathways and may lead to the development of new therapeutics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, N S -- Wodicka, L -- Thunnissen, A M -- Norman, T C -- Kwon, S -- Espinoza, F H -- Morgan, D O -- Barnes, G -- LeClerc, S -- Meijer, L -- Kim, S H -- Lockhart, D J -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 24;281(5376):533-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9677190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae/antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclin A/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Flavonoids/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects ; Genes, Fungal ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Piperidines/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Purines/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-01-15
    Description: In an effort to find new pharmacological modalities to overcome resistance to ATP-binding-site inhibitors of Bcr-Abl, we recently reported the discovery of GNF-2, a selective allosteric Bcr-Abl inhibitor. Here, using solution NMR, X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry, we show that GNF-2 binds to the myristate-binding site of Abl, leading to changes in the structural dynamics of the ATP-binding site. GNF-5, an analogue of GNF-2 with improved pharmacokinetic properties, when used in combination with the ATP-competitive inhibitors imatinib or nilotinib, suppressed the emergence of resistance mutations in vitro, displayed additive inhibitory activity in biochemical and cellular assays against T315I mutant human Bcr-Abl and displayed in vivo efficacy against this recalcitrant mutant in a murine bone-marrow transplantation model. These results show that therapeutically relevant inhibition of Bcr-Abl activity can be achieved with inhibitors that bind to the myristate-binding site and that combining allosteric and ATP-competitive inhibitors can overcome resistance to either agent alone.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901986/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901986/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Jianming -- Adrian, Francisco J -- Jahnke, Wolfgang -- Cowan-Jacob, Sandra W -- Li, Allen G -- Iacob, Roxana E -- Sim, Taebo -- Powers, John -- Dierks, Christine -- Sun, Fangxian -- Guo, Gui-Rong -- Ding, Qiang -- Okram, Barun -- Choi, Yongmun -- Wojciechowski, Amy -- Deng, Xianming -- Liu, Guoxun -- Fendrich, Gabriele -- Strauss, Andre -- Vajpai, Navratna -- Grzesiek, Stephan -- Tuntland, Tove -- Liu, Yi -- Bursulaya, Badry -- Azam, Mohammad -- Manley, Paul W -- Engen, John R -- Daley, George Q -- Warmuth, Markus -- Gray, Nathanael S -- R01 CA130876/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA130876-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):501-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08675. Epub 2010 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Seeley G. Mudd Building 628, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20072125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Benzamides ; Binding Sites ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Crystallization ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/*drug effects ; Female ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug ; therapy/enzymology/*metabolism ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Piperazines/chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Pyrimidines/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Transplantation, Heterologous
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1993-11-05
    Description: Although presentation of antigen to the T cell receptor is necessary for the initiation of an immune response, additional molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells deliver essential costimulatory signals. T cell activation, in the absence of costimulation, results in T cell anergy. The B7-1 protein is a costimulator molecule that regulates interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion by signaling through the pathway that uses CD28 and CTLA-4 (hereafter referred to as the CD28 pathway). We have cloned a counter-receptor of CD28 and CTLA-4, termed B7-2. Although only 26 percent identical to B7-1, B7-2 also costimulates IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. Unlike B7-1, B7-2 messenger RNA is constitutively expressed in unstimulated B cells. It is likely that B7-2 provides a critical early costimulatory signal determining if the T cell will contribute to an immune response or become anergic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freeman, G J -- Gribben, J G -- Boussiotis, V A -- Ng, J W -- Restivo, V A Jr -- Lombard, L A -- Gray, G S -- Nadler, L M -- CA 40216/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Nov 5;262(5135):909-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7694363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD28/metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86 ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1996-02-23
    Description: The germline genes used by the mouse to generate the esterolytic antibody 48G7 were cloned and expressed in an effort to increase our understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms by which the immune system evolves catalytic function. The nine replacement mutations that were fixed during affinity maturation increased affinity for the transition state analogue by a factor of 10(4), primarily the result of a decrease in the dissociation rate of the hapten-antibody complex. There was a corresponding increase in the rate of reaction of antibody with substrate, k(cat)/k(m), from 1.7 x 10(2)M(-1) min(-1) to 1.4 x 10(4)M(-1) min(-1). The three-dimensional crystal structure of the 48G7-transition state analogue complex at 2.0 angstroms resolution indicates that one of the nine residues in which somatic mutations have been fixed directly contact the hapten. Thus, in the case of 48G7, affinity maturation appears to play a conformational role, either in reorganizing the active site geometry of limiting side-chain and backbone flexibility of the germline antibody. The crystal structure and analysis of somatic and directed active site mutants underscore the role of transition state stabilization in the evolution of this catalytic antibody.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patten, P A -- Gray, N S -- Yang, P L -- Marks, C B -- Wedemayer, G J -- Boniface, J J -- Stevens, R C -- Schultz, P G -- R01 AL24695/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Feb 23;271(5252):1086-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8599084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Catalytic/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Affinity ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Antigen-Antibody Reactions ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Haptens/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics/immunology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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