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  • SPACE SCIENCES  (4)
  • Aircraft Communications and Navigation  (1)
  • 1
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    Heat flow experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The heat flow experiment installed on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 flight is described. Subjects discussed are: (1) the experiment concept and design, (2) the operations of the experiment, (3) the employment of the experiment on the lunar surface at Hadley Rille site, (4) subsurface lunar temperatures, and (5) extrapolation of sensor temperatures to equilibrium values. Graphs of the data obtained from the experiment are provided.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 23 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Heat flow experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The heat flow experiment conducted during the Apollo 17 flight in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The concept of the experiment is based on the direct measurement of the vertical flow of heat through the regolith. The measurement is made far enough below the surface so that the time-varying heat flow resulting from the very large diurnal variations of the surface temperature is small as compared with the flow from the interior. The equipment used for the experiment is described and illustrated. Graphs are developed to present the results of heat flow and surface temperature measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 24 p
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Apollo 15 measurement of lunar surface brightness temperatures - Thermal conductivity of the upper 1.5 meters of regolith. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In situ measurements of lunar surface brightness temperatures made as a part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package at the Apollo 15 Hadley Rille landing site are reported. Data derived from five thermocouples of the Heat Flow Experiment, which are lying on or just above the surface, are used to examine the thermal properties of the upper 15 cm of the lunar regolith using eclipse and nighttime cool-down temperatures. Application of finite-difference techniques in modeling the lunar soil shows that the thermocouple data are best fit by a model consisting of a low-density and low-thermal conductivity surface layer approximately 2 cm thick overlying a region increasing in conductivity and density with depth. Conductivities on the order of 0.00001 W per cm per deg K are postulated for the upper layer, with conductivity increasing to the order of 0.0001 W per cm per deg K at depths exceeding 20 cm. An increase in mean temperature with depth indicates that the ratio of radiative to conductive transfer at 350 K is 2.7 for at least the upper few centimeters of lunar soil; this value is nearly twice that measured for returned lunar fines.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 19; 3, Ju; July 197
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Surface brightness temperatures at the Apollo 17 heat flow site - Thermal conductivity of the upper 15 cm of regolith (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lunar surface brightness temperatures derived as part of the Apollo 17 heat flow experiment are reported. Nighttime surface temperatures, calculated from the data provided by two thermocouples suspended about 15 cm above the lunar surface, are used to determine the conductivity profile of the upper 15 cm of regolith at the ALSEP site. The surface reaches a maximum temperature of 384 (plus or minus 6) K at lunar noon and cools to a minimum temperature of 102 (plus or minus 1.5 K) at the end of the lunar night. Conductivities of the order of .000015 W/cm-deg K are postulated for a 2-cm porous surface layer overlying more compact regolith material with conductivities in the range of .0001 to .00015 W/cm-deg K between 2 and 15 cm. A mean surface temperature of 216 (plus or minus 5) K is deduced from the thermocouple data. The 256 K temperature measured by the probe sensors at 130 cm thus indicates that a large mean temperature gradient exists at the Apollo 17 site.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Lunar Science Conference; Mar 05, 1973 - Mar 08, 1973; Houston, TX
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  • 5
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    Ground-Based GPS as a Calibration/Validation Tool for Tropospheric Sensing Instruments (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The tropospheric sensing capabilities of ground-based GPS have been the subject of intensive validation efforts in recent years. But a maturing GPS technology is now rapidly becoming a valuable calibration/validation tool in its own right. We will describe two applications where ground-based GPS receivers have been used as a calibration/validation tool. The first such case is the Cassini gravitational wave media calibration project. A water vapor radiometer (WVR) will calibrate the telemetry signal from the Cassini spacecraft for line-of-sight wet tropospheric fluctuations. The demanding mission specifications require that the WVR's retrieval of wet delay from measurements of brightness temperature be precisely calibrated. We will describe the results from a special campaign to calibrate the WVR's retrieval algorithm with GPS. The second case involves the Topex/Poseidon microwave radiometer (TMR) which is used to calibrate the altimetric measurement for the effect of tropospheric water vapor. Using GPS data from 1992 to 1997 we detected an anomalous drift in columnar water vapor measurements from the TMR. The TMR's spurious drift implies that the uncalibrated estimate of global mean sea level change from Topex/Poseidon is too low by approximately 1 mm/yr. We will discuss the challenges of using long-term time series and problems relating to using the global GPS network as a calibration tool.
    Keywords: Aircraft Communications and Navigation
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