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  • Air Transportation and Safety  (1)
  • Geophysics  (1)
  • Life Sciences (General)  (1)
  • aerosol methanesulfonate  (1)
  • 1
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    Radiance and Jacobian Intercomparison of Radiative Transfer Models Applied to HIRS and AMSU Channels (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The goals of this study are the evaluation of current fast radiative transfer models (RTMs) and line-by-line (LBL) models. The intercomparison focuses on the modeling of 11 representative sounding channels routinely used at numerical weather prediction centers: 7 HIRS (High-resolution Infrared Sounder) and 4 AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) channels. Interest in this topic was evidenced by the participation of 24 scientists from 16 institutions. An ensemble of 42 diverse atmospheres was used and results compiled for 19 infrared models and 10 microwave models, including several LBL RTMs. For the first time, not only radiances, but also Jacobians (of temperature, water vapor and ozone) were compared to various LBL models for many channels. In the infrared, LBL models typically agree to within 0.05-0.15 K (standard deviation) in terms of top-of-the-atmosphere brightness temperature (BT). Individual differences up to 0.5 K still exist, systematic in some channels, and linked to the type of atmosphere in others. The best fast models emulate LBL BTs to within 0.25 K, but no model achieves this desirable level of success for all channels. The ozone modeling is particularly challenging, In the microwave, fast models generally do quite well against the LBL model to which they were tuned. However significant differences were noted among LBL models, Extending the intercomparison to the Jacobians proved very useful in detecting subtle and more obvious modeling errors. In addition, total and single gas optical depths were calculated, which provided additional insight on the nature of differences. Recommendations for future intercomparisons are suggested.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The THOR Project-Reducing the Impact of Thunderstorms on Aviation and the General Public Through a Multi-Agency Effect (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Thunderstorms are high impact weather phenomena. They also pose an extremely challenging forecast problem. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), have decided to pool technology and scientific expertise into an unprecedented effort to better observe, diagnose, and forecast thunderstorms. This paper describes plans for an operational field test called the THunderstorm Operational Research (THOR) Project beginning in 2002, the primary goals of which are to: 1) Reduce the number of Thunderstorm-related Air Traffic Delays with in the National Airspace System (NAS) and, 2) Improve severe thunderstorm, tornado and airport thunderstorm warning accuracy and lead time. Aviation field operations will be focused on the prime air traffic bottleneck in the NAS, the airspace bounded roughly by Chicago, New York City and Washington D.C., sometimes called the Northeast Corridor. A variety of new automated thunderstorm forecasting applications will be tested here that, when implemented into FAA-NWS operations, will allow for better tactical decision making and NAS management during thunderstorm days. Severe thunderstorm operations will be centered on Northern Alabama. NWS meteorologists from the forecast office in Birmingham will test the utility of experimental lightning, radar, and profiler data from a mesoscale observing network being established by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. In addition, new tornado detection and thunderstorm nowcasting algorithms will be examined for their potential for improving warning accuracy. The Alabama THOR site will also serve as a test bed for new gridded, digital thunderstorm and flash flood warning products.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: 14th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction; Jul 30, 2001 - Aug 02, 2001; Silver Spring, MD; United States|18th Conference on Weather Analysis and Forecasting; Jul 30, 2001 - Aug 02, 2001; Silver Spring, MD; United States
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: BACKGROUND: The amount of oxalate excreted in urine has a significant impact on calcium oxalate supersaturation and stone formation. Dietary oxalate is believed to make only a minor (10 to 20%) contribution to the amount of oxalate excreted in urine, but the validity of the experimental observations that support this conclusion can be questioned. An understanding of the actual contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion is important, as it is potentially modifiable. METHODS: We varied the amount of dietary oxalate consumed by a group of adult individuals using formula diets and controlled, solid-food diets with a known oxalate content, determined by a recently developed analytical procedure. Controlled solid-food diets were consumed containing 10, 50, and 250 mg of oxalate/2500 kcal, as well as formula diets containing 0 and 180 mg oxalate/2500 kcal. Changes in the content of oxalate and other ions were assessed in 24-hour urine collections. RESULTS: Urinary oxalate excretion increased as dietary oxalate intake increased. With oxalate-containing diets, the mean contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion ranged from 24.4 +/- 15.5% on the 10 mg/2500 kcal/day diet to 41.5 +/- 9.1% on the 250 mg/2500 kcal/day diet, much higher than previously estimated. When the calcium content of a diet containing 250 mg of oxalate was reduced from 1002 mg to 391 mg, urinary oxalate excretion increased by a mean of 28.2 +/- 4.8%, and the mean dietary contribution increased to 52.6 +/- 8.6%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that dietary oxalate makes a much greater contribution to urinary oxalate excretion than previously recognized, that dietary calcium influences the bioavailability of ingested oxalate, and that the absorption of dietary oxalate may be an important factor in calcium oxalate stone formation.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Kidney international (ISSN 0085-2538); 59; 1; 270-6
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate and methanesulfonate in the maritime aerosol at Cape Grim, Tasmania (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 4 (1986), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Aerosol sulfate ; aerosol methanesulfonate ; marine aerosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract High-volume aerosol filters, exposed in maritime air masses at Cape Grim since late 1976, were analysed for excess sulfate (not of seasalt origin) and methanesulfonate. The mean concentrations (standard errors) of 2.80(0.59) and 0.176(0.027) nmole/m3 respectively are about half those reported in a recent study of aerosol samples from various locations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Methanesulfonate concentration varied seasonally by at least an order of magnitude with a summer maximum and winter minimum. No comparable cycle was found for excess sulfate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053777
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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