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  • Biology  (2)
  • Crystal Structures  (2)
  • Adult  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ternäre Halogenide vom Typ A3MX6. IV. [1]. Ternäre Halogenide des Scandiums mit Natrium, Na3ScX6 (X = F, Cl, Br): Synthese, Strukturen, IonenleitfähigkeitIn memoriam Wilhelm Klemm (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Scandium ; Halides ; Crystal Structures ; Ionic Conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Halides of the A3MX6 Type. IV. Ternary Halides of Scandium with Sodium, Na3ScX6 (X = F, Cl, Br): Synthesis, Structures, Ionic ConductivityX-ray studies on single crystals of Na3ScF6 and Na3ScBr6 show, that Na3ScF6 crystallizes with the cryolite type (monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 2, a = 560.16(9), b = 580.31(8), c = 812.1(2)pm, β = 90.720(14)°) and Na3ScBr6, as the only ternary bromide of the rare earth elements with sodium, in the Na3CrCl6 type (trigonal, P31c, Z = 2, a = 728.95(7), c = 1309.29(17)pm). The ionic conductivity of powder samples of Na3ScF6, Na3ScBr6 and of Na3ScCl6 was studied by impedance spectroscopy. Activation energies were determined as 1.22 eV, 0.80 eV and 0.71 eV for the fluoride, chloride and bromide, respectively. The differences are explained from the crystal structures and the sizes and polarizabilities of the anions.
    Notes: Röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Einkristallen von Na3ScF6 und Na3ScBr6 ergaben, daß Na3ScF6 im Kryolith-Typ (monoklin, P21/n, Z = 2, a = 560,16(9), b = 580,31(8), c = 812,1(2)pm, β = 90,720(14)°) und Na3ScBr6 als bisher einziges ternäres Bromid der Selten-Erd-Elemente mit Natrium im Na3CrCl6-Typ (trigonal, P31c, Z = 2, a = 728,95(7), c = 1309,29(17)pm) kristallisieren. An Pulverproben von Na3ScF6 und Na3ScBr6 sowie an Na3ScCl6 wurden Leitfähigkeitsuntersuchungen mittels Impedanzspektroskopie vorgenommen und aus den Ergebnissen die Aktivierungsenergien für den Leitungsprozeß zu 1,22 eV, 0,80 eV und 0,71 eV für das Fluorid, Chlorid bzw. Bromid bestimmt. Die Unterschiede werden aus den Kristallstrukturen sowie durch die Größen und Polarisierbarkeiten der Anionen erklärt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19966220125
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ternäre Halogenide vom Typ A3MX6. VI [1]. Ternäre Chloride der Selten-Erd-Elemente mit Lithium, Li3MCl6 (M = Tb—Lu, Y, Sc): Synthese, Kristallstrukturen und IonenbewegungProfessor Welf Bronger zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 623 (1997), S. 1067-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium ; Rare Earth Halides ; Crystal Structures ; Ionic Motion ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Halides of the A3MX6 Type. VI. Ternary Chlorides of the Rare-Earth Elements with Lithium, Li3MCl6 (M = Tb—Lu, Y, Sc): Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Ionic MotionSingle crystal X-ray studies on the ternary chlorides Li3ErCl6, Li3YbCl6 and Li3ScCl6 show that they crystallize in three different structure types. Li3ErCl6 (trigonal, P3ml, Z = 3, a = 1117.7(2); c = 603.6(2) pm; the chlorides with M = Tb—Tm, Y are isotypic) and Li3YbCl6 (orthorhombic, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 1286.6(1); b = 1113.2(1); c = 602.95(8) pm; Li3LuCl6 is isotypic) have very similar structures that may be derived from hexagonal closest packings of chloride ions with the cations occupying octahedral holes in part statistically. Li3ScCl6 (monoclinic, C2/m, Z = 2, a = 639.8(1); b = 1104.0(2); c = 639,1(1) pm; β = 109.89(1)°) crystallizes isotypic with Na3GdI6 and Li3ErBr6, structures that may be derived from a cubic closes packings of anions. The ionic movement in Li3YCl6 and Li3YbCl6 has been investigated by impedance and 7Li-NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Die ternären Chloride Li3ErCl6, Li3YbCl6 und Li3ScCl6 kristallisieren nach röntgenographischen Untersuchungen an Einkristallen in drei verschiedenen Strukturtypen. Li3ErCl6 (trigonal, P3ml, Z = 3, a = 1117,7(2); c = 603,6(2) pm; isotyp mit M = Tb—Tm, Y) und Li3YbCl6 (orthorhombisch, Pnma, Z = 4, a = 1286,6(1); b = 1113,2(1); c = 602,95(8) pm; Li3LuCl6 ist isotyp) haben sehr ähnliche Strukturen, die sich als hexagonal-dichteste Kugelpackungen von Chlorid-Ionen mit zum Teil statistischer Auffüllung der Oktaederlücken mit Kationen beschreiben lassen. Li3ScCl6 (monoklin, C2/m, Z = 2, a = 639,8(1); b = 1104,0(2); c = 639,1(1) pm; β = 109,89(1)°) kristallisiert isotyp mit Na3GdI6 und Li3ErBr6; die Anionen bilden hier eine kubisch-dichteste Kugelpackung. Die Ionenbewegung in Li3YCl6 und Li3YbCl6 wurde mittels Impedanzspektroskopie und 7Li-NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19976230710
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  • 3
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    Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: Marine reserves have been widely promoted as conservation and fishery management tools. There are robust demonstrations of conservation benefits, but fishery benefits remain controversial. We show that marine reserves in Florida (United States) and St. Lucia have enhanced adjacent fisheries. Within 5 years of creation, a network of five small reserves in St. Lucia increased adjacent catches of artisanal fishers by between 46 and 90%, depending on the type of gear the fishers used. In Florida, reserve zones in the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge have supplied increasing numbers of world record-sized fish to adjacent recreational fisheries since the 1970s. Our study confirms theoretical predictions that marine reserves can play a key role in supporting fisheries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, C M -- Bohnsack, J A -- Gell, F -- Hawkins, J P -- Goodridge, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1920-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. cr10@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Biomass ; Cnidaria/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Fishes/physiology ; Florida ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Saint Lucia ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Recreational Fisheries in Biscayne National Park, Florida, 1976–19 (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9756 | 403 | 2012-08-16 14:35:16 | 9756 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Recreational creel survey data from 28,923 intercepts collected from Biscayne National Park, Florida and surrounding waters were analyzed for January 1976 through July 1991, prior to disruptions caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. A total of 261,268 fish and shellfish representing 170 species or higher taxa were recorded. The average trip landed 9.03 fish and/or shellfish. Mean annual landings per angler were 4.77 fish/angler/trip (from 3.8 in 1991 to 5.83 in 1981) and dropped significantly for each of the 2 years following Florida's adoption of mutiple new minimum size limits in 1985 and 1990. The relative contribution to total numerical landings by recreational party type were: skilled anglers (34.0%), food (19.8%), family (14.5%), novice (11.5%), spearfishing (10.3%), lobstering (9.6%), and other (0.3%). FIve species or higher taxa accounted for more than 50% of total landings by number: white grunt, Haemulon plumieri, 15.8%; spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, (10.6%; gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, 10.6%; unidentified grunts, Haemulon spp., 7.3%; and dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus, 6.6%. An average of 4.39 fish or shellfish were reported released per trip. Five taxa accounted for 67% of all releases. Lobster divers reported the highest average release rate (5.73 per trip) and spearfishing the lowest (0.70 per trip). The ratio of releases to landings was 0.49:1 for all taxa, but ranged from 0.03:1 for dolphin to 1.19:1 for unidentified grunts. Spearfishing accounted for 12.0% of the total fishing trips sampled but only 10.3% of the total number organisms landed and 7.6% of all organisms caught. Hogfish, Lachnolaimus maximus, accounted for 49% if total spearfishing landings (13,286 of 27,015) and 84.3% of total 15,762 hogfish landed.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 8-26
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  • 5
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    A stationary visual census technique for quantitatively assessing community structure of coral reef fishes (2021)
    NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/2781 | 403 | 2011-09-29 18:28:20 | 2781 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: A new method is described and evaluated for visually sampling reef fish community structure in environments with highly diverse and abundant reef fish populations. The method is based on censuses of reef fishes taken within a cylinder of 7.5 m radius by a diver at randomly selected, stationary points. The method provides quantitative data on frequency of occnrrence, fish length, abundance, and community composition, and is simple, fast, objective, and repeatable. Species are accumulated rapidly for listing purposes, and large numbers of samples are easily obtained for statistical treatment. The method provides an alternative to traditional visual sampling methods.Observations showed that there were no significant differences in total numbers of species or individuals censused when visibility ranged between 8 and 30 m. The reefs and habitats sampled were significant sources of variation in number of species and individuals censused, but the diver was not a significant influence. Community similarity indices were influenced significantly by thespecific sampling site and the reef sampled, but were not significantly affected by the habitat or diver (PDF file contains 21 pages.)
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Biology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
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