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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jasmonic acid induces the production of gerbera volatiles that attract the biological control agent Phytoseiulus persimilis (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acari ; behaviour ; biological control ; Gerbera jamesonii ; herbivore induced synomones ; infochemicals ; indirect defence ; Phytoseiidae ; semiochemicals ; terpenoids ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that is involved in the induction of plant defence in response to herbivore attack. We studied the effect of exposure of gerbera leaves to JA on indirect plant defence, i.e. attraction of natural enemies of herbivores. Treatment of gerbera leaves with JA or feeding damage by the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus urticae, both induced the production of a complex odour blend that attracts the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. This phytoseiid predator is a very effective biological control agent of the spider mite T. urticae. Comparison of headspace composition of gerbera leaves exposed to either JA or T. urticae revealed a large degree of resemblance, but some quantitative and qualitative differences were recorded. The major chemical group in both treatments is formed by the terpenoids which quantitatively comprised up to 80% of the total odour blend. These terpenoids included (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-β-ocimene and linalool that are known to attract P. persimilis. Aldehydes, alcohols, esters and ketones, together with nitrogenous compounds formed the remaining constituents of the odour blend. The induction of predator attractants in plants by JA may be applied in biological control programs, which is discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003826309751
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recognising one’s enemies: a functional approach to risk assessment by prey (2000)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 47 (2000), S. 258-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Acari ; Tetranychus urticae ; Predator ; Prey ; pheromone ; Cue ; Chemical ; Predator avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Little has been done to compare the relative importance of various mechanisms through which prey assess the potential risk from natural enemies. We used predator-naive spider mites (Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychidae) to (1) compare the responses of prey to chemical cues from enemy and non-enemy species and (2) investigate the source of these cues. In the laboratory, we observed the distribution of T. urticae in response to cues from nine mite species, including (1) predators of spider mites, (2) predators/parasites of other animals, and (3) fungivores/pollen-feeders. When given a choice over 24 h, spider mites foraged and oviposited in fewer numbers on leaf discs that were previously exposed to predatory or parasitic mites (including species incapable of attacking spider mites) than on clean leaf discs (unexposed to mites). Interestingly, previous exposure of leaf arenas to fungivores and pollen-feeders had no significant effect on spider mite distribution. We then observed the response of T. urticae to cues from two species of predator that had been reared on a diet of either spider mites or pollen. T. urticae showed stronger avoidance of leaf discs that were previously exposed to spider-mite-fed predators than of discs exposed to pollen-fed predators. Nevertheless, for one predator species (Amblyseius andersoni), T. urticae still preferred to forage and oviposit on clean (unexposed) discs than on discs exposed to pollen-fed predators. Protein-derived metabolic wastes of predatory or parasitic mites may provide a general cue about potential predation risk for T. urticae. However, T. urticae also avoided areas exposed to pollen-fed predators, suggesting there may be other sources of enemy recognition by the spider mites. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that may influence the scope of information through which animals assess predation risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050663
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Response of Phytoseiulus persimilis to Spider Mite-Induced Volatiles from Gerbera: Influence of Starvation and Experience (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2623-2641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivore-induced synomones ; infochemicals ; semiochemicals ; learning ; biological control ; prey location ; behavior ; Acarina ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Gerbera jamesonii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When leaves of the ornamental crop Gerbera jamesonii are damaged by the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, they produce many volatile compounds in large quantities. Undamaged gerbera leaves produce only a few volatiles in very small quantities. In the headspace of spider mite-damaged gerbera leaves many terpenoids are present, comprising 65% of the volatile blend. In addition, a number of nitrogen containing compounds, such as oximes and nitriles, are produced. We studied the attraction of P. persimilis to the volatiles from spider mite-damaged gerbera leaves and how attraction is affected by starvation and previous experience. Phytoseiulus persimilis that were reared on spider mites (T. urticae) on Lima bean were not attracted to spider mite-induced volatiles from gerbera. Starvation did not influence the predator's response to these volatiles. In contrast, predators that were reared on spider mites on gerbera leaves were strongly attracted to volatiles from spider mite-infested gerbera. This was found also for predators that originated from a culture on spider mite-infested bean and were offered six days of experience with spider mites on gerbera leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020887104771
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf age affects composition of herbivore-induced synomones and attraction of predatory mites (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 373-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucumber plant ; Tetranychus urticae ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; Acari ; herbivore-induced synomone ; tritrophic interaction ; oximes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the olfactory response of the predatory mitePhytoseiulus persimilis to cucumber leaves infested with prey, the herbivorous spider miteTetranychus urticae. The predators responded to volatiles from young rather than old infested cucumber leaves. GC-MS analysis of the head-space of spider mite-infested, artificially damaged and undamaged cucumber plants showed that herbivore-induced plant volatiles were present among the volatiles of both old and young infested cucumber leaves. The major components of the herbivore-induced plant volatiles were (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and (E)-β-ocimene: these compounds are known to attract the predatory mites. In addition, we found three oximes (2-methylbutanalO-methyloxime, 3-methylbutanalO-methyloxime, and an unknown oxime) in the headspace of both old and young infested cucumber leaves. 3-MethylbutanalO-methyloxime and the unknown oxime were much more abundant in the headspace of infested old cucumber leaves. The potential adaptive value of differential attractiveness of cucumber plant leaves of different age is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064444
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