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  • 1
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    The space radiation environment in low altitude and low inclination orbits (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Charged particle dose rates for men and radiation sensitive materials during long-duration flights in low orbit
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: OPT. TELESCOPE TECHNOL. 1970; P 495-499
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Plane isotropic buildup factors for bremsstrahlung calculations (1968)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-13
    Description: Monte Carlo generation of plane isotropic buildup factors for bremsstrahlung calculations
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: PROTECT. AGAINST SPACE RADIATION 1968; P 517-527
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    The calculation of electron and bremsstrahlung dose rates (1968)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-13
    Description: Electron and bremsstrahlung dose rate calculations from Monte Carlo energy transfer method and bremsstrahlung production method
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: PROTECT. AGAINST SPACE RADIATION 1968; P 529-538
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Spectra, composition, and interactions of nuclei with magnet interaction chambers (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Emulsion chambers will be flown in the Astromag Facility to measure the cosmic ray composition and spectra to 10 exp 15 eV total energy and to definitively study the characteristics of nucleus-nucleus interactions above 10 exp 12 eV/n. Two configurations of emulsion chambers will be flown in the SCIN/MAGIC experiment. One chamber has an emulsion target and a calorimeter similar to those recently flown on balloons for composition and spectra measurements. The other has an identical calorimeter and a low-density target section optimized for performing rigidity measurements on charged particles produced in interactions. The transverse momenta of charged and neutral mesons, direct hadronic pairs from resonance decays and interference effects, and possible charge clustering in high-density states of matter will be studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 5
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    Approximate angular distribution and spectra for geomagnetically trapped protons in low-earth orbit (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The highly anisotropic nature of the radiation in the low-earth orbit has been ignored for most spacecraft shielding calculations made to date because the standard environmental models describe the omnidirectional flux only, because the varying attitude of the spacecraft in the environment is assumed to average out the effect and because of the added complexity of the calculation. The Space Station is planned to be stabilized with respect to the velocity vector and local vertical. Thus it will pass through the South Atlantic Anomaly where most of the radiation flux is encountered in much the same attitude on each pass. Any calculation including a complex shielding geometry should thus consider the angular distributuon of the incident radiation. An approximate trapped proton angular distribution is presented which includes both the 'pan caked' distribution relative to the magnetic field direction and the east-west effect which is energy dependent. This distribution is then used with a planar shielding geometry to obtain an estimate of the effect of the anisotropy on radiation dose rates in spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 6
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    Effect of the Mott cross section on charge identification in the HEAO-3 Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Corrections to the Z-squared dependence of ion chamber and Cherenkov response due to the Mott cross section are calculated for the HEAO-3 Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment. The effect of the production and escape of high energy secondary electrons on detector response is accounted for by numerical calculations. These secondary electron effects are shown to influence the size of the non Z-squared effects and thus affect the charge assignments and detector resolution. The Bloch and relativistic Bloch corrections are not included in the results presented here but may be combined with the Mott corrections when the Bloch corrections are properly evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (ISSN 0167-5087); 225; 185-194
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  • 7
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    Revised prediction of LDEF exposure to trapped protons (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) spacecraft flew in a 28.5 deg inclination circular orbit with an altitude in the range from 319.4 to 478.7 km. For this orbital altitude and inclination, two components contribute most of the penetrating charge particle radiation encountered - the galactic cosmic rays and the geomagnetically trapped Van Allen protons. Where shielding is less than 1.0 g/sq cm geomagnetically trapped electrons make a significant contribution. The 'Vette' models together with the associated magnetic field models and the solar conditions were used to obtain the trapped electron and proton omnidirectional fluences reported previously. Results for directional proton spectra using the MSFC anisotropy model for solar minimum and 463 km altitude (representative for the LDEF mission) were also reported. The directional trapped proton flux as a function of mission time is presented considering altitude and solar activity variation during the mission. These additional results represent an extension of previous calculations to provide a more definitive description of the LDEF trapped proton exposure.
    Keywords: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. Part 1: Second Post-Retrieval Symposium; p 137-145
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  • 8
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    Prediction of LDEF ionizing radiation environment (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) spacecraft flew in a 28.5 deg inclination circular orbit with an altitude in the range from 172 to 258.5 nautical miles. For this orbital altitude and inclination two components contribute most of the penetrating charge particle radiation encountered - the galactic cosmic rays and the geomagnetically trapped Van Allen protons. Where shielding is less than 1.0 g/sq cm geomagnetically trapped electrons make a significant contribution. The 'Vette' models together with the associated magnetic filed models were used to obtain the trapped electron and proton fluences. The mission proton doses were obtained from the fluence using the Burrell proton dose program. For the electron and bremsstrahlung dose we used the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) electron dose program. The predicted doses were in general agreement with those measured with on-board thermoluminescent detector (TLD) dosimeters. The NRL package of programs, Cosmic Ray Effects on MicroElectronics (CREME), was used to calculate the linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum due to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and trapped protons for comparison with LDEF measurements.
    Keywords: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 213-224
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  • 9
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    Status of LDEF radiation modeling (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The current status of model prediction and comparison with LDEF radiation dosimetry measurements is summarized with emphasis on major results obtained in evaluating the uncertainties of present radiation environment model. The consistency of results and conclusions obtained from model comparison with different sets of LDEF radiation data (dose, activation, fluence, LET spectra) is discussed. Examples where LDEF radiation data and modeling results can be utilized to provide improved radiation assessments for planned LEO missions (e.g., Space Station) are given.
    Keywords: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. Third Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 217-226
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  • 10
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    New limits on gamma-ray bursts (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two balloon flights of large-area scintillation crystal detector arrays indicate that the rate of weak gamma-ray bursts is significantly below that expected from a uniform distribution of burst sources. This result, combined with the data from stronger bursts, gives strong evidence for a galactic confinement of burst sources. Reasonable models of confinement limit the intrinsic radiated energy per burst to the order of 10 to the (39th to 41st power) ergs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
    Format: text
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