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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code IV. AAA as an asparagine codon in some animal mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Mitochondria ; Echinoderms ; Platyhelminth ; Fasciola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differences in assignments from those in the universal genetic code occur in codes of mitochondria. In this report, the published sequences of the mitochondrial genes for COI and ND1 in a platyhelminth (Fasciola hepatica) are examined and it is concluded that AAA may be a codon for asparagine instead of lysine, whereas AAG is the sole codon for lysine in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101887
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Codon reassignment (codon capture) in evolution (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Codon reassignment ; Codon capture ; Directional mutation pressure ; AT/GC pressure ; Wobble rules ; Mitochondria ; Mycoplasma ; Ciliated protozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetic code, once thought to be “frozen”, show variations from the universal code. Variations are found in mitochondria,Mycoplasma, and ciliated protozoa. The variations results from reassignment of codons, especially stop codons. The ressignments take place by disappearance of a codon from coding sequences, followed by its reappearance in a new role. Simultaneously, a changed anticodon must appear. We discuss the role of directional mutation pressure in the pressure in the events, and we also describe the possibility that such events have taken place during early evolution of the genetic code and can occur during its present evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103422
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Codons and nearest-neighbor nucleotide pairs in mammalian messenger RNA (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Doublets ; Viral RNA ; Mammalian mRNA ; Genetic code
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The codons in four mammalian messenger RNAs (rabbitβ hemoglobin, rat pre-proinsulin, rat pre-growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin) show a predominance of C and G in third nucleotide positions. The C:U ratio is about 2 to 1, and the G:A ratio is about 4 to 1. The possibility is discussed that this disproportionality resulted from DNA replicative errors that favor C·G pairs over A·T pairs, as found in theE.coli mut T strain. “Nearest neighbor” base pairs (“doublets”) in the protien-coding regions ofφX174 and in four mammalian mRNAs have been compared. Mammalian mRNA has a low content of CpG in comparison with expectations from its C and G content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733888
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A change in the genetic code inMycoplasma capricolum (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 22 (1985), S. 361-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Tryptophan ; Mycoplasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mycoplasma capricolum was previously found to use UGA instead of UGG as its codon for tryptophan and to contain 75%A+ T in its DNA. The codon change could have been due to mutational pressure to replace C+G by A+T, resulting in the replacement of UGA stop codons by UAA, change of the anticodon in tryptophan tRNA from CCA to UCA, and replacement of UGG tryptophan codons by UGA. None of these changes should have been deleterious.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02115692
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code III. Reassignment of CUN codons from leucine to threonine during evolution of yeast mitochondria (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 322-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Codon reassignment (capture) ; CUN leucine codons ; CUN threonine codons ; tRNA ; Yeast mitochondria ; tRNA synthetases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yeast mitochondria use UUR as the sole leucine codons. CUN, universal leucine codons, are read as threonine by aberrant threonine tRNA with anticodon sequence (UAG). The reassignment of CUN codons to threonine during yeast mitochondrial evolution could have proceeded by the disappearance of CUN codons from the reading frames of messenger RNA, through mutation mainly to UUR leucine codons as a result of AT pressure. We suggest that this was accompanied by a loss of leucine-accepting ability of tRNA Leu(UAG). This tRNA could have then acquired threonine-accepting activity through the appearance of an additional threonyl-tRNA synthetase. CUN codons that subsequently appeared from mutations of various other codons would have been translated as threonine. This change in the yeast mitochondrial genetic code is likely to have evolved through a series of nondisruptive nucleotide substitutions that produced no widespread replacement of leucine by threonine in proteins as a consequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101886
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitions, transversions, and the molecular evolutionary clock (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 87-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transitions ; Transversions ; Molecular evolutionary clock ; Genetic code ; Evolutionary divergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nucleotide substitutions in the form of transitions (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine interchanges) and transversions (purine-pyrimidine interchanges) occur during evolution and may be complied by aligning the sequences of homologous genes. Referring to the genetic code tables, silent transitions take place in third positions of codons in family boxes and two-codon sets. Silent transversions in third positions occur only in family boxes, except for A⇋C transversions between AGR and CGR arginine codons (R=A or G). Comparisons of several protein genes have been made, and various subclasses of transitional and transversional nucleotide substitutions have been compiled. Considerable variations occur among the relative proportions of transitions and transversions. Such variations could possibly be caused by mutator genes, favoring either transitions or, conversely, transversions, during DNA replication. At earlier stages of evolutionary divergence, transitions are usually more frequent, but there are exceptions. No indication was found that transversions usually originate from multiple substitutions in transitions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02111284
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code I. Origin of AGR serine and stop codons in metazoan mitochondria (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 202-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Codon (capture) reassignment ; Arginine codons ; Serine codons ; AGR stop codons ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary AGA and AGG (AGR) are arginine codons in the universal genetic code. These codons are read as serine or are used as stop codons in metazoan mitochondria. The arginine residues coded by AGR in yeast orTrypanosoma are coded by arginine CGN throughout metazoan mitochondria. AGR serine sites in metazoan mitochondria are occupied mainly in corresponding sites in yeast orTrypanosoma mitochondria by UCN serine, AGY serine, or codons for amino acids other than serine or arginine. Based on these observations, we propose the following evolutionary events. AGR codons became unassigned because of deletion of tRNA Arg (UCU) and elimination of AGR codons by conversion to CGN arginine codons. Upon acquisition by serine tRNA of pairing ability with AGR codons, some codons for amino acids other than arginine mutated to AGR, and were caputed by anticodon GCU in serine tRNA. During vertebrate mitochondrial evolution, AGR stop codons presumably were created from UAG stop by deletion of the first nucleotide U and by use of R as the third nucleotide that had existed next to the ancestral UAG stop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nearest-neighbor doublets in protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Doublets ; Viral RNA, MS2 RNA ; Genetic code
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary “Nearest neighbor” base pairs (“doublets”) in the protein-coding regions of MS2 RNA have been tabulated with respect to their positions in the first two bases of amino acid codons, in the second two bases, or paired by contact between adjoining codons. Considerable variation is evident between numbers of doublets in each of these three possible positions, but the totals of each of the 16 doublets in the coding regions of the MS2 RNA molecule show much less varation. Compilations of doublets in nucleic acid strands have no predictive value for the amino acid composition of proteins coded by such strands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01796117
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