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  • Articles  (58)
  • Chemistry  (58)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • SPACE VEHICLES
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (58)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods of calculating the physical acation of flame retardants (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 1 (1976), S. 85-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The chemical mechanisms for the action of flame retardants are often mentioned in the literature but the physical modes of action are seldom. Discussed. This article presents one way to quantify their efficiency. The technique is based on literature data for the physical and thermal properties of flams retardants for temperatures from 25°C up to 1000°C. The prolongation of the time to ignition by heat absorption by the retardant and the amount of inert gas evolved by the retardant are calculated at a given radiation for a material flame-proofed with a given amount of the flame retardant. The ability to form an insulating surface layer is considered but not quantified. It is assumed that a medium density wood fibre building boards is treated with 2 kg of flame retardant per m2. The flame retardants included are borates, boric acid, phosphates and silicates. The board is assumed to be irradiated with an intensity of 15 k W m-2. Under these conditions an untreated board ignites after 6-7 min. The time to ignition is prolonged by 1-5 min through heat absorption by the different retardants, and the amount of inert gases evolved may be as high as 2.6 m3 per m2 board. The formation of an insulating surface layer is more difficult to quantify. The results confirm the importance of the physical modes of action of flame retardants and the technique could form the basis for evaluating materials in simulated fire situations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810010302
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Smoke problems in buildings on fire: A TNO research project (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The activities within the framework of TNO's research project on smoke problems in buildings on fire are reviewed. Two aspects will be dealt with extensively: smoke production and smoke movement. Furthermore, possible application of its finding will be discussed. The article reflects the state of the art at the end of 1978. In the meantime, the research programme has been concluded.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040406
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actively Cooled Calorimeter Measurements and Environment Characterization In a Large Pool Fire (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Quasi-steady-state heat fluxes absorbed on the calorimeter surface in ten vertical 0.1 m high×1 m wide zones were measured by means of water calorimetry. The calorimeter surface also included an array of intrinsic thermocouples to measure surface temperatures, and an array of Schmidt - Boelter radiometers for a second, more responsive, method of heat flux measurement. The pool fire environment characterization was done with measurements from velocity probes, directional flame thermometers (DFTs), and thermocouples. The initial measurements with a 1 m×1 m water cooled vertical flat plate calorimeter located 0.8 m above and inside a 6 m×6 m JP-4 pool fire are described. Water calorimetry measured absorbed surface heat fluxes of about 65-70 kW m-2 with a gradual decrease with increasing height above the pool. Intrinsic thermocouple measurements recorded typical calorimeter surface temperatures of about 500°C, with spatial variations of ±150°C. Gas velocities across the calorimeter face averaged 3.4 m s-1 with a predominant upward component, but with an off-vertical skew. Analysis of data collected in the fire environment in the vicinity of the calorimeter was performed to characterize the fire environment and to determine the input parameters required to calibrate analytical models. For this test, the emissive power distribution near the plate was essentially linear. Flux measurement in the fire environment ranged from 75 kW m-2 to 175 kW m-2. With temperature and heat flux data, effective absorption coefficients were determined by using a two-flux method to solve the inverse problem. The results show that the optical thickness increases with increasing distance from the calorimeter surface. The effective absorption coefficient is approximately 0.8 m-1 in the vicinity (0 - 1.85 m) of the calorimeter and is approximately 2 m-1 in the vicinity (1.85 - 2.8 m) of the plume centerline. The observed decrease in heat flux on the calorimeter surface with increasing vertical height is consistent with analytical fire models derived for constant temperature surfaces. Results from several diagnostics also indicated trends and provided additional insight into events that occurred during the fire. Some events are correlated, and possible explanations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short communication: Temperature profiles in wood members exposed to fire (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 18 (1994), S. 263-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810180410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat release and classification of fire retardant wood products (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 19 (1995), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparison is presented of cone calorimeter heat release data between fire retardant treated and untreated wood products. The test results show significant differences between these two groups. The parameters included in the comparison are time to ignition, rate of heat release (peak and average values) and total heat release. The wood-based products were also tested in different small-scale national standard fire tests and in the full-scale room fire test. Fire retardant wood products achieve an improved classification both in present national systems and in possible new systems based on the cone calorimeter and the room fire test.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810190603
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ignitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood-based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm -2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood-based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistics of fires in dwellings involving textiles in the United Kingdom (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 202-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: There is widespread concern at present about the fire risk form the use of modern materials in upholstery and other domestic articles. One of the main characteristics of fires in dwellings which start with the ignition of textiles or furniture is that they have a high casualty rate compared with other kinds of domestic fires. Most of the casualties form such fires occur in fires which start in upholstery or bedding, often accidentally ignited by smokers' materials. Asphyxiations by smoke is the commonest cause of death in ‘textile’ and ‘upholstery’ fires. This paper presents relevant statistical information on fires in dwellings attended by local authority fire brigades which result from the ignition of upholstery, bedding, other textiles or furniture and the casualties which these fires cause.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070408
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of applied heat flux on the combustion of epoxies (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 216-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070410
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flame-retardant paints (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flame-retardant paints have been developed which can considerably upgrade the performance of combustible substrates in surface spread of flame test, but there is uncertainty as to their benefit in a real fire situation. This is partly owing to the lack of agreement on laboratory test methods and even of their value. Flame-retardant paints commercially available in the United Kingdom are of two types, the intumescent type and the antimony oxide type, and their mechanism of action is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080105
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of heat release by oxygen consumption in an open test arrangement (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 206-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; oxygen consumption ; spectral energy distribution ; weight measurement ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for measuring the rate of heat release from building materials in an open test arrangement. The method is based on an oxygen consumption technique. A vertical sample is placed under an open hood in which the combustion gases and a certain amount of air are collected. The decrease in oxygen concentration and the mass flow of the gases are measured in the exhaust duct. The rate of heat release is then calculated. The equipment has been calibrated with good agreement between input and measured effects. The total response time for the system is 10s. The method has been used for testing building materials at radiation intensities up to 5W Cm-2. It is able to distinguish between different board materials, and the repeatability is good, The paper describes the equipment, including the weighing of a burning sample and the selection of test condition. Smoke and gas analysis can be added when desirable. Some test results with building materials are also presented.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080406
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