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  • 1
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    Analysis of aircraft performance during lateral maneuvering for microburst avoidance (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Aircraft response to a severe and a moderate three-dimensional microburst model using nonlinear numerical simulations of a Boeing 737-100 is studied. The relative performance loss is compared for microburst escape procedures with and without lateral maneuvering. The results show that the hazards caused by the penetration of a microburst in the landing phase are attenuated if lateral escape maneuvers are applied in order to turn the aircraft away from the microburst core rather than flying straight through. If the lateral escape maneuver is initiated close to the microburst core, high bank angles tend to deteriorate aircraft performance. Lateral maneuvering is also found to reduce the advanced warning required to escape from microburst hazards but requires that information of the existence and location of the microburst is available (i.e., remote detection) in order to avoid an incorrect turn toward the microburst core.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL
    Type: AIAA PAPER 90-0568
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Information for Lateral Aircraft Spacing Enabling Closely-Spaced Runway Operations During Instrument-Weather Conditions (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: In an effort to increase airport capacity, the U.S. plans on investing nearly $6 billion a year to properly maintain and improve the nation's major airports. Current FAA standards however, require a reduction in terminal operations during instrument-weather conditions at many airports, causing delays and reducing airport capacity. NASA, in cooperation with the FAA, has developed the Terminal Area Productivity Program to achieve clear-weather capacity in instrument- weather conditions for all phases of flight. This paper describes a series of experiments planned to investigate the conceptual design of different systems that provide information to flight crews regarding nearby traffic during the approach phase of flight. The purpose of this investigation is to identify and evaluate different display and auditory interfaces to the crew for use in closely-spaced parallel runway operations. Three separate experiments are planned for the investigation. The first two experiments will be conducted using part-task flight simulators located at the MIT Aeronautical Systems Laboratory and at NASA Ames. The third experiment will be conducted in the Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator, a generic "glass-cockpit" simulator at NASA Ames. Subjects for each experiment will be current glass-cockpit pilots from major U.S. air carriers. Subject crews will fly several experimental scenarios in which pseudo-aircraft are "blundered" into the subject aircraft simulation. Runway spacing, longitudinal aircraft separation, aircraft performance and traffic information will be varied. Analyses of the subject reaction times in evading the blundering aircraft and the resulting closest points of approach will be conducted. This paper presents a preliminary examination of the data recorded during the part-task experiments. The impact of traffic information on closely-spaced parallel runway operations is discussed, cockpit displays to aid these operations are examined, and topics for future research are suggested.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology; Apr 23, 1994 - Apr 27, 1994; Unknown
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Portable Electronic Flight Progress Strips (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: There has been growing interest in using electronic alternatives to the paper Flight Progress Strip (FPS) for air traffic control. However, most research has been centered on radar-based control environments, and has not considered the unique operational needs of the airport air traffic control tower. Based on an analysis of the human factors issues for control tower Decision Support Tool (DST) interfaces, a requirement has been identified for an interaction mechanism which replicates the advantages of the paper FPS (e.g., head-up operation, portability) but also enables input and output with DSTs. An approach has been developed which uses a Portable Electronic FPS that has attributes of both a paper strip and an electronic strip. The prototype flight strip system uses Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to replace individual paper strips in addition to a central management interface which is displayed on a desktop computer. Each PDA is connected to the management interface via a wireless local area network. The Portable Electronic FPSs replicate the core functionality of paper flight strips and have additional features which provide a heads-up interface to a DST. A departure DST is used as a motivating example. The central management interface is used for aircraft scheduling and sequencing and provides an overview of airport departure operations. This paper will present the design of the Portable Electronic FPS system as well as preliminary evaluation results.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: IEEE-02CH37325C , 21st Digital Avionics Systems Conference; Jan 01, 2002
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Systems and Techniques for Identifying and Avoiding Ice (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: In-flight icing is one of the most difficult aviation weather hazards facing general aviation. Because most aircraft in the general aviation category are not certified for flight into known icing conditions, techniques for identifying and avoiding in-flight ice are important to maintain safety while increasing the utility and dispatch capability which is part of the AGATE vision. This report summarizes a brief study effort which: (1) Reviewed current ice identification, forecasting, and avoidance techniques; (2) Assessed feasibility of improved forecasting and ice avoidance procedures; and (3) Identified key issues for the development of improved capability with regard to in-flight icing.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/CR-97-205871 , NAS 1.26:205871 , ASL-95-5
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Dynamic response of aircraft autopilot systems to atmospheric disturbances (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 124-130
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Heat Transfer Measurements on Surfaces with Natural Ice Castings and Modeled Roughness (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: An experimental method is described to measure and compare the convective heat transfer coefficient of natural and simulated ice accretion roughness and to provide a rational means for determining accretion-related enhanced heat transfer coefficients. The natural ice accretion roughness was a sample casting made from accretions at the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). One of these castings was modeled using a Spectral Estimation Technique (SET) to produce three roughness elements patterns that simulate the actual accretion. All four samples were tested in a flat-plate boundary layer at angle of attack in a "dry" wind tunnel test. The convective heat transfer coefficient was measured using infrared thermography. It is shown that, dispite some problems in the current data set, the method does show considerable promise in determining roughness-induced heat transfer coefficients, and that, in addition to the roughness height and spacing in the flow direction, the concentration and spacing of elements in the spanwise direction are important parameters.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA/CR-97-112617 , NAS 1.26:112617 , AIAA Paper 97-1018 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit; Jan 06, 1997 - Jan 10, 1997; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 7
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    Use of Structure as a Basis for Abstraction in Air Traffic Control (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: The safety and efficiency of the air traffic control domain is highly dependent on the capabilities and limitations of its human controllers. Past research has indicated that structure provided by the airspace and procedures could aid in simplifying the controllers cognitive tasks. In this paper, observations, interviews, voice command data analyses, and radar analyses were conducted at the Boston Terminal Route Control (TRACON) facility to determine if there was evidence of controllers using structure to simplify their cognitive processes. The data suggest that controllers do use structure-based abstractions to simplify their cognitive processes, particularly the projection task. How structure simplifies the projection task and the implications of understanding the benefits structure provides to the projection task was discussed.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    Heat Transfer Variation on Protuberances and Surface Roughness Elements (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In order to determine the effect of surface irregularities on local convective heat transfer, the variation in heat transfer coefficients on small (2-6 mm diam) hemispherical roughness elements on a flat plate has been studied in a wind funnel using IR techniques. Heat transfer enhancement was observed to vary over the roughness elements with the maximum heat transfer on the upstream face. This heat transfer enhancement increased strongly with roughness size and velocity when there was a laminar boundary layer on the plate. For a turbulent boundary layer, the heat transfer enhancement was relatively constant with velocity, but did increase with element size. When multiple roughness elements were studied, no influence of adjacent roughness elements on heat transfer was observed if the roughness separation was greater than approximately one roughness element radius. As roughness separation was reduced, less variation in heat transfer was observed on the downstream elements. Implications of the observed roughness enhanced heat transfer on ice accretion modeling are discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA/CR-95-207285 , NAS 1.26:207285 , AIAA Paper 94-0801 , Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer; 9; 1; 175-180|Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 10, 1994 - Jan 13, 1994; Reno, NV; United States
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  • 9
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    Impact of Operating Context on the Use of Structure in Air Traffic Controller Cognitive Processes (2004)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: This paper investigates the influence of structure on air traffic controllers cognitive processes in the TRACON, En Route, and Oceanic environments. Radar data and voice command analyses were conducted to support hypotheses generated through observations and interviews conducted at the various facilities. Three general types of structure-based abstractions (standard flows, groupings, and critical points) have been identified as being used in each context, though the details of their application varied in accordance with the constraints of the particular operational environment. Projection emerged as a key cognitive process aided by the structure-based abstractions, and there appears to be a significant difference between how time-based versus spatial-based projection is performed by controllers. It is recommended that consideration be given to the value provided by the structure-based abstractions to the controller as well as to maintain consistency between the type (time or spatial) of information support provided to the controller.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Format: application/pdf
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