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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (4)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (3)
  • Key words Extraocular muscle  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraocular muscle in merosin-deficient muscular dystrophy: cation homeostasis is maintained but is not mechanistic in muscle sparing (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 495-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Extraocular muscle ; Cation ; Muscular dystrophy ; Merosin ; dy Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Extraocular muscle is uniquely spared from damage in merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy. Using a murine model, we have tested the hypothesis that the maintenance of calcium homeostasis is mechanistic in extraocular muscle protection. Atomic absorption spectroscopy has demonstrated a strong correlation between the perturbation of calcium homeostasis in hindlimb muscle that is severely damaged and the absence of changes in calcium in extraocular muscle. If, as in other skeletal muscles, extraocular muscle fibers are destabilized by merosin deficiency, we would expect an increase in total muscle calcium coupled with an adaptive response in the high capacity/speed of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the eye muscle. However, we have not observed the expected increases in total muscle calcium content, Ca2+-ATPase activity, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger content, or smooth ER Ca2+-ATPase content that are predicted by this model. Instead, these results indicate that the increased membrane permeability that characterizes, and is potentially mechanistic in, myofiber degeneration in muscular dystrophy does not occur in merosin-deficient extraocular muscle. Thus, the high-capacity calcium-scavenging systems are not primarily responsible for extraocular muscle protection in muscular dystrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051078
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vestibulo-ocular pathways modulate extraocular muscle myosin expression patterns (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Extraocular muscle ; Muscle development ; Myosin heavy chain ; Vestibular development ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The genetic and epigenetic influences that establish and maintain the unique phenotype of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) are poorly understood. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) represents an important input into the EOMs, as it stabilizes eye position relative to the environment and provides a platform for function of all other eye movement systems. A role for vestibular cues in shaping EOM maturation was assessed in these studies using the ototoxic nitrile compound 3’,3’-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) to eliminate the receptor hair cells that drive the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Intraperitoneal injections of IDPN were followed by a 2-week survival period, after which myosin heavy chain (MyHC) analysis of the EOMs was performed. When IDPN was administered to juvenile rats, the proportion of eye muscle fibers expressing developmental and fast myosins was increased, while EOM-specific MyHC mRNA levels were downregulated. By contrast, IDPN treatment in adult rats affected only the proportion of fibers expressing developmental MyHC isoforms, leaving the EOM-specific MyHC mRNA unaltered. These data provide evidence that the VOR modulates EOM-specific MyHC expression in development. The lack of significant changes in EOM-specific MyHC expression in adult EOM following IDPN administration suggests that there may be a critical period during development when alterations in vestibular activity have significant and permanent consequences for the eye muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051253
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
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    Analysis of Meteorological Data Obtained During Flight in a Supercooled Stratiform Cloud of High Liquid-Water Content (1951)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flight icing-rate data obtained in a dense and. abnormally deep supercooled stratiform cloud system indicated the existence of liquid-water contents generally exceeding values in amount and extent previously reported over the midwestern sections of the United States. Additional information obtained during descent through a part of the cloud system indicated liquid-water contents that significantly exceeded theoretical values, especially near the middle of the cloud layer.. The growth of cloud droplets to sizes that resulted in sedimentation from the upper portions of the cloud is considered to be a possible cause of the high water contents near the center of the cloud layer. Flight measurements of the vertical temperature distribution in the cloud layer indicated a rate of change of temperature with altitude exceeding that of the moist adiabatic lapse rate. This excessive rate of change is considered to have contributed to the severity of the condition.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NACA-RM-E51D18
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Statistical Study of Aircraft Icing Probabilities at the 700- and 500- Millibar Levels over Ocean Areas in the Northern Hemisphere (1957)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A statistical study is made of icing data reported from weather reconnaissance aircraft flown by Air Weather Service (USAF). The weather missions studied were flown at fixed flight levels of 500 millibars (18,000 ft) and 700 millibars (10,000 ft) over wide areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans. This report is presented as part of a program conducted by the NACA to obtain extensive icing statistics relevant to aircraft design and operation. The thousands of in-flight observations recorded over a 2- to 4-year period provide reliable statistics on icing encounters for the specific areas, altitudes, and seasons included in the data. The relative frequencies of icing occurrence are presented, together with the estimated icing probabilities and the relation of these probabilities to the frequencies of flight in clouds and cloud temperatures. The results show that aircraft operators can expect icing probabilities to vary widely throughout the year from near zero in the cold Arctic areas in winter up to 7 percent in areas where greater cloudiness and warmer temperatures prevail. The data also reveal a general tendency of colder cloud temperatures to reduce the probability of icing in equally cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NACA-TN-3984
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Investigation of Effectiveness of Air-Heating a Hollow Steel Propeller for Protection Against Icing. 1: Unpartitioned Blades (1948)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation to determine the effectiveness of icing protection afforded by air-heating hollow steel unpartitioned propeller blades has been conducted In the NACA Cleveland icing research tunnel. The propeller used was a production model modified with blade shank and tip openings to permit internal passage of heated air. Blade-surface and heated-air temperatures were obtained and photographic observations of Ice formations were made with variations In icing intensity and heating rate to the blades. For the conditions of Icing to which the propeller was subjected, it was found that adequate ice protection was afforded with a heating rate of 40 1 000 Btu per hour per blade. With less than 40,000 Btu per hour per blade, ice protection failed because of significant ice accretions on the leading edge. The chordwise distribution of heat was unsatisfactory with most of the available heat dissipated well back of the leading edge on both the thrust and camber face's instead of at the leading edge where it was most needed. A low utilization of available heat for icing protection is indicated by a beat-exchanger effectiveness of approximately 47 percent.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NACA-TN-1586
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Icing Frequencies Experienced During Climb and Descent by Fighter-Interceptor Aircraft (1958)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data and analyses are presented on the relative frequencies of occurrence and severity of icing cloud layers encountered by jet aircraft in the climb and descent phases of flights to high altitudes. Fighter-interceptor aircraft operated by the Air Defense Command (USAF) at bases in the Duluth and Seattle areas collected the data with icing meters installed for a l-year period. The project was part of an extensive program conducted by the NACA to collect Icing cloud data for evaluating the icing problem relevant to routine operations. The average frequency of occurrence of icing was found to be about 5 percent of the number of climbs and descents during 1 year of operations The icing encounters were predominantly in the low and middle cloud layers, decreasing above 15,000 feet to practically none above 25,000 feet. The greatest thickness of ice that would accumulate on any aircraft component (as indicated by the accretion on a small object) was measured with the icing meters. The ice thicknesses on a small sensing probe averaged less than 1/32 inch and did not exceed 1/2 inch. Such accumulations are relatively small when compared with those that can form during horizontal flight in icing clouds. The light accretions resulted from relatively steep angles of flight through generally thin cloud layers. Because of the limited statistical reliability of the results, an analysis was made using previous statistics on icing clouds below an altitude of 20,000 feet to determine the general icing severity probabilities. The calculations were made using adiabatic lifting as a basis to establish the liquid-water content. Probabilities of over-all ice accretions on a small object as a function of airspeed and rate of climb were computed from the derived water contents. These results were then combined with the probability of occurrence of icing in order to give the icing severity that can be expected for routine aircraft operations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NACA-TN-4314
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Preliminary Survey of Icing Conditions Measured During Routine Transcontinental Airline Operation (1952)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Icing data collected on routine operations by four DC-4-type aircraft equipped with NACA pressure-type icing-rate meters are presented as preliminary information obtained from a statistical icing data program sponsored by the NACA with the cooperation of many airline companies and the United States Air Force. The program is continuing on a much greater scale to provide large quantities of data from many air routes in the United States and overseas. Areas not covered by established air routes are also being included in the survey. The four aircraft which collected the data presented in this report were operated by United Air Lines over a transcontinental route from January through May, 1951. An analysis of the pressure-type icing-rate meter was satisfactory for collecting statistical data during routine operations. Data obtained on routine flight icing encounters from.these four instrumented aircraft, although insufficient for a conclusive statistical analysis, provide a greater quantity and considerably more realistic information than that obtained from random research flights. A summary of statistical data will be published when the information obtained daring the 1951-52 icing season and that to be obtained during the 1952-53 season can be analyzed and assembled. The 1951-52 data already analyzed indicate that the quantity, quality, and range of icing information being provided by this expanded program should afford a sound basis for ice-protection-system design by defining the important meteorological parameters of the icing cloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NACA-RM-E52J06
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Investigation of Effectiveness of Air-Heating a Hollow Steel Propeller for Protection Against Icing. 3: 25% Partitioned Blades (1948)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The icing protection obtained from an internally air-heated propeller blade partitioned to confine the heated air forward of 25-percent chord was investigated in the NACA Cleveland icing research tunnel. A production-model hollow steel propeller was modified with an Internal radial partition at 25-percent chord and with shank and tip openings to admit and exhaust the heated air. Temperatures were measured on the blade surfaces and in the heated-air system during tunnel icing conditions. Heat-exchanger effectiveness and photographs of Ice formations on the blades were obtained. Surface temperature measurements indicated that confining the heated air forward of the 25-percent chord gave.a more economical distribution of the applied heat as compared with unpartitioned and 50-percent partitioned blades, by dissipating a greater percentage of the available heat at the leading edge. At a propeller speed of 850 rpm, a heating rate of 7000 Btu per hour per blade at a shank air temperature of 400 F provided adequate Icing protection at ambient-air temperatures of 23 F but not at temperatures as low as 15 F. With the heating rate used, a heat-exchanger effectiveness of 77 percent was obtained as compared to 56 percent for 50-percent partitioned and 47 percent for unpartitioned blades.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NACA-TN-1588
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Investigation of Effectiveness of Air-Heating a Hollow Steel Propeller for Protection Against Icing. 2: 50% Impartitioned Blades (1948)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The icing protection afforded an internal air-heated propeller blade by radial partitioning at 50-percent chord to confine the heated air to the forward half of the blade was determined in the NACA Cleveland icing research tunnel. A modified production-model hollow steel propeller, was used for the investigation. Temperatures of the blade surfaces for several heating rates were measured under various tunnel Icing' conditions. Photographic observations of ice formations on blade surfaces and blade heat-exchanger effectiveness were obtained. With 50-percent partitioning of the blades, adequate icing protection at 1050 rpm was obtained with a heating rate of 26,000 Btu per hour per blade at the blade shank using an air temperature of 400 F with a flow rate of 280 pounds per hour per blade, which is one-third less heat than was found necessary for similar Ice protection with unpartitioned blades. The chordwise distribution of the applied heat, as determined by surface temperature measurements, was considered unsatisfactory with much of the heat dissipated well back of the leading edge. Heat-exchanger effectiveness of approximately 56 percent also Indicated poor utilization of available heat. This effectiveness was, however, 9 percent greater than that obtained from unpartitioned blades.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NACA-TN-1587
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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