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  • Chemistry  (12)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (7)
  • AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER  (6)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: 9-hydroxyellipticine ; DNA ; CD ; linear dichroism ; resonance light scattering ; intercalation ; drug-drug interactions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding of 9-hydroxyellipticine to calf thymus DNA, poly[d(A-T)]2, and poly-[d(G-C)]2 has been studied in detail by means of CD, linear dichroism, resonance light scattering, and molecular dynamics. The transition moment polarizations of 9-hydroxyelliptiycine were determined in polyvinyl alcohol stretched film. Spectroscopic solution studies of the DNA/drug complex are combined with theoretical CD calculations using the final 50 ps of a series of molecular dynamics simulations as input. The spectroscopic data shows 9-hydroxyellipticine to adopt two main binding modes, one intercalative and the other a stacked binding mode involving the formation of drug oligomers in the DNA major groove. Analysis of the intercalated binding mode in poly[d(A-T)]2 suggests the 9-hydroxyellipticine hydroxyl group lies in the minor groove and hydrogen bonds to water with the pyridine ring protruding into the major groove. The stacked binding mode was examined using resonance light scattering and it was concluded that the drug was forming small oligomer stacks rather than extended aggregates. Reduced linear dichroism measurements suggested a binding geometry that precluded a minor groove binding mode where the plane of the drug makes a 45° angle with the plane of the bases. Thus it was concluded that the drug stacks in the major groove. No obvious differences in the mode of binding of 9-hydroxyellipticine were observed between different DNA sequences; however, the stacked binding mode appeared to be more favorable for calf thymus DNA and poly[d(G-C)]2 than for poly[d(A-T)]2, an observation that could be explained by the slightly greater steric hindrance of the poly[d(A-T)]2 major groove. A strong concentration dependence was observed for the two binding modes where intercalation is favored at very low drug load, with stacking interactions becoming more prominent as the drug concentration is increased. Even at DNA : drug mixing ratios of 70:1 the stacked binding mode was still important for GC-rich DNAs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 127-143, 1998
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 84-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanistische Parameter der Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen in kohlebeheizten KesselnIm allgemeinen sind die heißesten Stellen am Ausgang von Überhitzern und Erhitzern der modernen CEGB-Kessel mit Rohren aus nichtrostenden Stählen bestückt. Die im Laufe der letzten 10-15 Jahre gemachten Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, daß die feuerseitige Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen die nominelle Lebensdauer beträchtlich verringern kann; die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit ist dabei abhängig von Metalltemperatur, Gastemperatur, Chloridgehalt der Kohle und aerodynamischen Verhältnissen um das Rohr.Die charakteristischen visuellen Befunde, d.h. die klassische Abflachung von Rohren, wabenförmiger Lochfraß und örtlicher Lochfraß an Schweißnähten und Ansatzstücken werden beschrieben. Ebenso werden einige der metallographischen Phänomene bei der Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen beschrieben, darunter die Aufkohlung des Substrats, innere Oxidation und Sulfidierung und die Morphologie des Zunders.Der genaue Mechanismus ist zwar noch nicht klar, doch hat man bei CEGB pragmatische Schritte unternommen und neue bzw alternative Werkstoffe verwendet, beispielsweise auch Beschirmungen, Überzüge und koextrudierte Rohre. Eine solche Politik ist jedoch nicht unbedingt auch die wirtschaftlichste: unter manchen Bedingungen bietet erst die Legierung 50 Cr 50 Ni ausreichende Beständigkeit. Benötigt wird noch Quantifizierung der Rolle von Natrium, Kalium, Chlor usw. in Brennstoff bei der Bildung von Ablagerungen und der dadurch bedingten Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit. Ebenso ist noch zu klären, wodurch die Aufkohlung bedingt ist und wie sie sich auswirkt, da nur auf diese Weise die Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen operative beherrscht werden kann.
    Notes: In general, the hottest outlet sections of both superheaters and reheaters in modern CEGB boilers are tubed in austenitic stainless steels. Experience over the last 10-15 years has indicated that molten salt fireside corrosion can significantly reduce design lives, corrosion rates being a function of (i)metal temperature(ii)gas temperature(iii)coal chlorine content(iv)the tube's aerodynamic positionThe characteristic visual features of this form of corrosion such as “classical” wastage flats, honeycomb pitting, and localised pitting at tube geometrical features such as weld beads, and lugs is described. Also discussed are some of the metallographic features of molten salt corrosion, including substrate carburization, internal oxidation/sulphidation and corrosion scale morphology.Whilst uncertainty remains in understanding the precise mechanism, the CEGB have adopted a pragmatic approach using new/alternative materials such as shields, coatings and co-extruded tubes. However, such a policy may not be the most economic: for example, in some circumstances the alloy 50 Cr 50 Ni is required to give a guaranteed degree of protection. What is still required is the quantification of the role of Na, K, Cl etc. in fuel on deposition and corrosion rates, and the source and influence of carburization so that further operational control of this molten salt corrosion is available.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 2155-2169 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: cross-link density ; morphology ; thermal and mechanical properties ; polyurea/urethane foams and films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cross-link density on the morphology and properties of two flexible molded foam samples was studied. Film samples based on the same foam formulations were also fabricated to study the feasibility of using them for the characterization of complex foam products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data show that films and foam samples have entirely different hard domain ordering. The results of the study of morphology indicate that an increase in cross-link density appears to increases phase mixing in film and foam samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies indicate that the soft segment glass transition temperature (Tg) is independent of cross-link density (at levels studied). But for both film and foam samples, morphology clearly dicates the manner in which moisture interacts with the hard domains. Results of the stress-strain behavior indicate that an increase in cross-link density increases the modulus and decreases the elongation at break. Mooney-Rivilin modeling of the stress-elongation behavior of film shows that the higher cross-link density sample gives more nonaffine behavior, possibly due to a heterogeneous distribution of hard domains. Similar modeling of the foams was not possible because of their linear stress response to surprisingly high elongation. The results of the power law modeling of stress relaxation response indicates that with an increase in cross-link density (covalent and virtual), the power law exponent decreases as expected. At levels of cross-linking and hard segment content studied, stroke-controlled equilibrium hysteresis was independent of cross-link density. Normalized dynamic mechanical spectra (DMS) show that the film samples have higher rubbery plateau modulus. The magnitude of the area under the tan δ curve at Tg indicates greater flexibility of polymer segments in foam sample. Structure-property relationships of cellular materials can be established by characterizing film samples because a parallel trend exists between each group. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 15 (1980), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 30 (1991), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Nuclear Transfer ; Stage-specific gene expression ; Zygotic gene activation ; Mouse embryo ; Nuclear reprogramming ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zygotic gene activation occurs at the two-cell stage in the mouse embryo, resulting in the appearance of many new proteins, including a stage-specific family of related proteins of Mr 70,000. The mechanisms that regulate the stage-specific expression of these proteins were examined by transplanting nuclei from oocytes, four-cell-stage blastomeres, inner cell mass cells, cultured embryonic stem cells, or differentiated endoderm-like PYS2 cells to enucleated one-cell embryos. Although none of these cell types synthesizes the 70 kDa complex, all were able to direct the synthesis of the 70 kDa complex following transplantation and overnight culture to the two-cell stage. These results suggest that the embryonic cytoplasm can exert a dominant, positive regulatory influence on a variety of heterologous nuclei that results in the transcription of a stage-specific gene. In addition, these results indicate that activation of the gene(s) coding for the 70 kDa complex is not dependent on prior programming during oogenesis and oocyte maturation, and that repression of the gene(s) coding for this complex after the two-cell stage does not involve irreversible gene inactivation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 35 (1993), S. 140-150 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Gastrulation ; Germ layer ; Postimplantation ; Two-dimensional gel ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The changes in protein synthesis that occur during differentiation of the primitive germ layers were examined by high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized in 6.5 and 7.5 days postcoitum (d.p.c.) mouse embryos. For 6.5 d.p.c. embryos, protein synthesis patterns were compared between whole extraembryonic and embryonic regions and between embryonic visceral endoderm and embryonic ectoderm. For 7.5 d.p.c. embryos, comparisons were made between extraembryonic and embryonic regions and between isolated embryonic endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Each of the isolated 7.5 d.p.c. germ layers was divided into anterior and posterior fragments in order to evaluate possible regional differences in gene expression along the anterior-posterior axis. Comparisons of protein synthesis patterns revealed the greatest difference between isolated endoderm and ectoderm, indicating that by as early as 6.5 d.p.c. patterns of gene expression differ significantly between these tissues. The greatest similarities were found between ectoderm and whole embryonic regions and between endoderm and whole extraembryonic regions, which most likely reflects the overall cellular compositions of the embryonic and extraembryonic regions. Based on their patterns of synthesis, four groups of proteins were identified that were preferentially synthesized in either endoderm or ectoderm. These provide useful markers for studying differentiation in these tissues. One other protein, migrating at the position expected for vimentin, was synthesized at an elevated rate in isolated mesoderm. We also observed differences in rates of synthesis of α-tubulin and tropomyosin-5 indicative of potential differences in cytoskeletal composition among the germ layers beyond those previously described. The difference in overall protein synthesis patterns between anterior and posterior regions was greatest in the embryonic endoderm, indicating that differentiation along the anterior-posterior axis may be initiated sooner or may proceed more rapidly in the endoderm than in the other germ layers. These data provide the first quantitative evaluation of the degree to which differentiation of the three primitive germ layers affects protein synthesis patterns and reveal potentially useful markers of endoderm and ectoderm differentiation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 41 (1995), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Mouse embryo ; Transcription ; Two-cell block ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mouse embryos produced by the fertilization of eggs from (B6D2)F1 and CF-1 mice differ in their ability to complete the second cell cycle in the presence of α-amanitin. Essentially all embryos obtained from CF-1 mothers arrest at the two-cell stage when cultured from the late one-cell stage in α-amanitin at concentrations that prevent zygotic genome activation, while up to 15% of the embryos obtained from (B6D2)F1 mothers can progress to the three- to four-cell stage. This occurs even at α-amanitin concentrations that are fivefold greater than that required to prevent gene transcription. We propose that eggs of certain strains of mice may be endowed with greater supplies of macromolecules to support early development and that a percentage of these embryos can complete the second cell cycle in the absence of transcription. This difference may contribute to the strain-dependent differences in development in vitro. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 41 (1995), S. 314-324 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Signal transduction ; Maternal mRNA ; Polyadenylation ; G protein ; RT-PCR ; Gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have developed a novel reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based approach for systematically quantifying in a single experiment the abundances of many different mRNAs in preimplantation mouse embryos. With this approach, the entire mRNA population from a small number of embryos is amplified while preserving the relative abundance of each mRNA in the cDNA population. The cDNA is analyzed by quantitative hybridization to radiolabeled probes. The approach is very sensitive and provides reliable, quantitative data regarding changes in mRNA abundance. A major advantage of this method is that estimates of mRNA copy number can be obtained and compared between different mRNAs. With this approach, we analyzed the patterns of expression of nine G protein α subunit mRNAs (Gαs, Gαi, Gαq′, Gαo′, and Gα11-15) in oocytes, eggs, and preimplantation embryos from fertilization to the blastocyst stage. Six α subunit mRNAs were expressed at significant levels, all of which underwent significant temporal alterations in expression. The mRNAs encoding some α subunit types were expressed predominantly in the egg and 1-cell embryo, underwent sharp reductions during the 2-cell stage, and were re-expressed between the 8-cell and blastocyst stages. One α subunit mRNA increased in abundance at the early blastocyst stage. The possible significance of these alterations in G protein mRNA abundance to embryonic development is discussed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy is used to compare the adsorption onto aluminium oxide of poly(ethylene glycol) of relative molar mass 400 (PEG400) with poly(ethylene glycol) that has been coordinated with zinc chloride. This work carried out on a low-molecular-weight analogue of a polymer electrolyte reveals that the steric hinderance brought about by the coordination of zinc chloride with poly(ethylene glycol) changes the mechanism by which the polymer bonds to an aluminium oxide surface. The zinc bonds both to atmospheric water and to the ether oxygens in the polymer, which restricts the conformational freedom of the polymer. This restriction causes the attachment of the polymer to the aluminium oxide substrate to be primarily by hydrogen bonding, which reveals itself through the appearance of an extra peak in the inelastic electron tunneling spectrum at ∼440 meV. The implication is that when monolayer coatings of PEG400/ZnCl2 are adsorbed on aluminium oxide, the coordination of the zinc with the polymer imposes a structure upon the latter.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genomic imprinting ; parthenogenetic embryos ; biallelic expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Uniparental embryos have been instrumental in studying imprinting because contributions from the parental genomes can be determined unambiguously. In this study, we set out to identify imprinted genes showing differential expression between parthenogenetic and fertilized embryos during preimplantation and early postimplantation stages of development. We identified three genes-apolipoprotein E, pyruvate kinase-3, and protein phosphatase 1 gamma-that represent excellent candidates for imprinted genes, based on the results of the differential screen, their function in differentiation and the cell cycle, and their location within imprinted chromosomal regions. In addition, two novel genes expressed in trophoblast were identified, 1661 and RA81. These genes, together with four known imprinted genes, H19, Igf2r, Igf2, and Snrpn, showed evidence of expression from both parental alleles in early stage embryos, indicating a role for postfertilization processes in regulating imprinted gene function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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