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  • Life Sciences (General)  (10)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (6)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (4)
  • Astrophysics  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 809-814 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aim of this article was to study the influence of different matrix molecules on the quality of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of oligosaccharides. An important criterion was the sample preparation, i.e. the crystallization process leading to the matrix from which the analytes were desorbed and investigated. Quality criteria were, among others, the resulting molecular peak intensity, the mass resolution, and the suppression of unwanted matrix peaks. It was found that a mixture of 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHB) and 1-hydroxy isoquinoline (HIC) in a weight ratio of 3:1 was best suited for the analytical investigation of oligosaccharides. In addition, this matrix mixture was found to be quite tolerant against all kinds of buffers, salts, and even additives such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Furthermore, we determined the different affinities of the alkaline metals to the carbohydrates and found that cesium and potassium ions ionize oligosaccharides about three times better than sodium ions and therefore have an important influence on the quantum yield.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A Nafion membrane was tested as a new tool for a fast and easy sample pretreatment for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) measurements. This membrane material was used for ion exchange and carbohydrate purification with minimal quantities of sample solution. An ion exchange method for carbohydrates was developed and demonstrated on a Dextran sample. The cations of the original sample were replaced within minutes by potassium or cesium ions. Another feature of this membrane was the fact that proteins and peptides adsorb on the acid surface. This behavior was investigated as a purification step for carbohydrates with high peptide and protein impurity concentrations. It was found that oligosaccharide libraries from rat- and mouse IgG mass spectra can be obtained clearly in the presence of high peptide impurities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical shifts of aromatic nitriles of the general structure para-Y—C6H4—X—CN with X = O, S, Se and N(CH3) have been investigated by the 13C NMR technique. For cyanates (X = O) the 14N shifts and for Y = F the 19F shifts were likewise measured. The chemical shifts and the corresponding 13C shift increments Δn have been found to correlate with the appropriate substituent constants σR0, σp0 and σI, as well as with the π-electron densities calculated in the PPP approximation.
    Notes: An aromatischen Nitrilverbindungen der allgemeinen Struktur para-Y—C6H4—X—CN mit X = O, S, Se und N(CH3) wurden die 13C-NMR- sowie für X = O die 14N-NMR-und für Y = F die 19F-NMR-chemischen Verschiebungen bestimmt. Die Meßergebnisse wurden in Zusammenhang mit der elektronischen Struktur der Moleküle (Substituentenkonstanten, π-Elektronendichten in PPP-Näherung) diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 12 (1979), S. 95-97 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon-13 chemical shifts of several benzimidazole- and benzoxazole derivatives have been measured. The signals of the homonuclear carbon atoms in unsymmetrical benzoheteroazoles can be assigned with the aid of additivity parameters. The structures of compounds obtained from the reaction of benzimidazoline- and benzoxazoline-2-thione with aryl cyanates were elucidated.
    Notes: Für verschiedene Benzimidazol- und Benzoxazolderivate wurden die chemischen Verschiebungen im 13C-NMR-Spektrum bestimmt. Mit Hilfe von Additivitätsparametern lassen sich die 13C-Signale der Benzokohlenstoffatome in unsymmetrischen Benzheteroazolen bestimmen. Die Struktur der Reaktionsprodukte aus Benzimidazolin- und Benzoxazolin-thion-(2) und Arylcyanaten werden abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 24 (1986), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 13C NMR chemical shifts of 74 N-acylated 2-aminobenzimidazoles were determined and assigned. The chemical shifts are discussed as a function of electronic and spatial substituent effects. Line broadening for certain C signals are traced to prototropy at N-1 and N-3, and N-3 and Nexo.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: 4-Methyl catechol ; Autoxidation ; Electron spin resonance spectroscopy ; Nucleophiles ; Semiquinones ; Allergic contact dermatitis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of 4-methylcatechol by dioxygen and the subsequent reactions of the two nucleophiles OH- and MeO- with the oxidation products were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. These reactions are models for those of skin proteins with substituted 1,2-dihydroxybenzenes (catechols) which produce the severe allergic contact dermatitis associated with plants such as poison ivy, poison oakd and the Japanese lac tree. The rates of formation of the primary and secondary semiquinone radical anions show a large kinetic deuterium isotope effect (ca 10) at 20°C, which is ascribed to a slow deprotonation of the hydrogen bridged 4-methylcatechol monoanion. There is a marked difference in regioselectivity for OH- and MeO- substitution of the 4-methylcatechol monoanione; OH- reacts exclusively at the 3-position whereas MeO- attacks at the 5-position. This dissimilarity between two normally similar nucleophiles is also ascribed to the occurrence of hydrogen bridging between the substituting OH- at the 3-position and the adjacent quinone oxygen at the 2-position. The expected attack at the more electropositive 5-position occurs with MeO- because no such hydrogen bonding can occur. Disubstitution occurs for OH- but not for MeO-, probably reflecting the greater nucleophilicity of the former.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Elliptical cells (E-P) are present at the perilymphatic interface lumen (PIL) of the lagena. The E-P cells often separate from the tegmentum vasculosum (TV) and have touching processes that form a monolayer between the K+ rich perilymph and the Na+ rich endolymph, similar to the mammalian Reissner's membrane. We examined the TV of chicks (Gallus domesticus) and quantitated the expression of anti-S100 alphaalphabetabeta and S100 beta. There was a 30% increase of S100 beta saturation in the light cells facing the PIL when compared to other TV light cells. We show that: (1) the dimer anti- S100 alphaalphabetabeta and the monomer anti-S100 beta are expressed preferentially in the light cells and the E-P cells of TV; (2) expression of S100 beta is higher in light cells facing the PIL than in adjacent cells; (3) the expression of the dimer S100 alphaalphabetabeta and monomer S100 beta overlaps in most inner ear cell types, including the cells of the TV, most S100 alphaalphabetabeta positive cells express S 100 beta, but S100 beta positive cells do not always express S100 alphaalphabetabeta; and (4) the S100 beta expression in light cells, the abundant Na+-K+ ATPase on dark cells of the TV, and previously demonstrated co-localization of S100 beta/GABA in sensory cells suggest that S100 beta could have, in the inner ear, a dual neurotrophic-ionic modulating function.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Scanning microscopy (ISSN 0891-7035); Volume 9; 4; 1207-21; discussion 1221-2
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We assessed the reactivity of purified S-100 antiserum in immuno-electron microscopy by counting the number of gold particles per microns 2 over inner ear tissues embedded in different media. Sections containing predominantly Schwann's cell cytoplasm and nucleus, afferent fiber axoplasm and myelin sheath of chick cochleae were reacted with anti-S-100 IgG, an antibody to a calcium binding protein of neuronal tissues, then labeled with anti-IgG-gold conjugate. This investigation was conducted because previously published procedures, unmodified, did not yield acceptable results. Preparation of all specimens was identical. Only the medium (PolyBed 812, Araldite or Spurr epoxies; and LR White, LR Gold or Lowicryl plastics) was changed. The medium was made the changing variable because antigens available in post-embedding immuno-electron microscopy are decreased by heat, either used and/or released during polymerization of the embedding medium. The results indicate that: (a) none of the embedding media above provided optimal signal-to-noise ratio for all parts of the nerve stained in the same section; (b) aggregation of gold particles over cells was highest in embedding media with high background labeling over areas devoid of tissue (noise); (c) aggregation occurred randomly throughout both cellular and acellular regions; and (d) particles aggregated less and were distributed more evenly in tissues from media yielding good ultrastructural integrity.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Hearing research (ISSN 0378-5955); Volume 73; 2; 195-202
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We evaluated anti-S100 beta expression in the chick (Gallus domesticus) inner ear and determined that: 1) the monomer anti-S100 beta is expressed differentially in the vestibular and auditory perikarya; 2) expression of S100 beta in the afferent nerve terminals is time-related to synapse and myelin formation; 3) the expression of the dimer anti-S100 alpha alpha beta beta and monomer anti-S100 beta overlaps in most inner ear cell types. Most S100 alpha alpha beta beta positive cells express S100 beta, but S100 beta positive cells do not always express S100 alpha alpha beta beta. 4) the expression of S100 beta is diffused over the perikaryal cytoplasm and nuclei of the acoustic ganglia but is concentrated over the nuclei of the vestibular perikarya. 6) S100 beta is expressed in secretory cells, and it is co-localized with GABA in sensory cells. 7) Color thresholding objective quantitation indicates that the amount of S100 beta was higher (mean 22, SD +/- 4) at E19 than at E9 (mean 34, SD +/- 3) in afferent axons. 8) Moreover, S100 beta was unchanged between E11-E19 in the perikaryal cytoplasm, but did change over the nuclei. At E9, 74%, and at E21, 5% of vestibular perikarya were positive. The data suggest that S100 beta may be physically associated with neuronal and ionic controlling cells of the vertebrate inner ear, where it could provide a dual ionic and neurotrophic modulatory function.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) (ISSN 0145-5680); Volume 41; 2; 213-25
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Out of 32 embryos flown (16 @ E2 + 16 @ E9) for 5 days, 16 survived. All sixteen E2 were dead at landing. Eight were opened and eight were incubated at 1.0G. Autopsy showed that 4 E2 survived over 24 hours in space. Eight E14 hatched without anatomical malformations, and 8 E14 were fixed. The height of the macular epithelia was 31 mu m (mean) in control and 26 mu m in flight chicks. The cross-sectional area of macular nuclei of control was 17 mu m(2) for hair cells and 14 mu m(2) in supporting cells. In flight, cross-sectional area was 17 mu m(2) in hair cells and 15 mu m(2) in supporting cells (n=250). The shape factor of cartilage cells (1.0 = perfect circle) between control (mean = 0.70) and flight (mean = 0.72), and the area of cartilaginous cells between controls (mean = 9 mu m(2)) and flight (mean = 9 mu m(2)) did not differ (n=300). The nuclei of support cells were closer to the basement membrane in flight than in control chicks. The immunoreactivity of otoconia with anti keratan, fibronectin or chrondroitin sulfate was not different between flight and control ears. There were more afferent fibers inside the macular epithelia of flight (p〈0.05) than control. Three of 8 flight animals had elevated vestibular thresholds (VT), with normal mean response amplitudes and latencies. Modified afferent innervation patterns requiring weeks to compensate are sufficient to elevate VT, and should be investigated further. Other reversible (sublethal) microgravity effects on sensory epithelia (vacuoles, swelling, etc) require quantification.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Histology and histopathology (ISSN 0213-3911); Volume 11; 2; 407-26
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