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  • 60G35  (1)
  • Arteriosclerosis  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How to count and guess well: Discrete adaptive filters (1994)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics & optimization 30 (1994), S. 51-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0606
    Keywords: Hidden Markov Model ; Discrete adaptive filter ; Martingale ; representation ; Girsanov theorem ; Smoothed estimate ; Zakai equation ; Expectation maximization ; 93E11 ; 93E12 ; 60G35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A discrete state and time Markov chain is observed through a finite state function which is subject to random perturbations. Such a situation is often called a Hidden Markov Model. A general filter is obtained which provides recursive updates of estimates of processes related to the Markov chain given the observations. In the unnormalized, or Zakai, form this provides particularly simple equations. Specializing this result provides recursive estimates and smoothers for the state of the process, for the number of jumps from one state to another, for the occupation time in any state and for a process related to the observations. These results allow a re-estimation of the parameters of the model, so that our procedures are adaptive or “self tuning” to the data. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of an equivalent measure under which the observation values are independent and identically distributed, and the use of the idempotent property when the state space of the Markov chain is identified with canonical unit vectors in a Euclidean space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261991
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcification of the human thoracic aorta during aging (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 268-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aging ; Aorta ; Calcium ; Elastin ; Arteriosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rate of calcification within the human thoracic aorta from completion of body growth to advanced old age was examined. Fifty-eight aortae, obtained at necropsy, were dissected into four layers: the complete intima and the separated media, which was subdivided into three tissue samples of equal thickness, defined as the media-inner,-middle, and-outer layers. The sampling sites selected for analysis were from regions of the aortic surface that were free of atherosclerotic plaques. The calcium content within each tissue layer of the aorta was determined. Arterial wall thickness and the cholesterol content of the four layers were also measured. Intimal calcification increased progressively during aging: from 1.6 μg Ca/mg tissue at 20 years of age to 5.2 μg Ca/mg tissue by 90 years of age. When intima calcium concentration was expressed by tissue volume (w/v), no significant change during aging was found. Medical calcification, as w/v and by w/w, increased throughout aging. Calcium accumulation was most marked in the middle, elastin-rich layer of the media, increasing from 1.4 μg Ca/mg tissue at 20 years of age to 49.50 μg Ca/mg tissue by 90 years of age. Calcium levels also increased in the other media layers, but at a slower rate then that found within the middle media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295949
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