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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (11)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (7)
  • COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR  (4)
  • 36.40  (3)
  • 67.90+Z  (2)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 120 (1984), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrolyse-Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometrie ist zur Untersuchung verschiedener Polyamide wie Nylon 6,8,12 und Nylon 66 verwendet worden. Das pyrolytische Verhalten dieser Verbindungen hängt stark vom Lösungsmittel und vom Temperatur-programm ab. Ameisensäure als Lösungsmittel ruft starke thermische Fragmentierung hervor, während mit 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol fast ausschließlich Molekülionen oder kationisierte Moleküle gebildet werden. Mit zunehmender Temperatur entstehen größere Cluster der polymeren Untereinheit (Mn + Na)+, aber gleichzeitig nimmt die thermische Fragmentierung auf der Emitteroberfläche zu. Die kationisierten Moleküle sind in allen Spektren dominant. Sie werden von M3 bis M5 oder M15 gebildet, je nach Kettenlange der polymeren Untereinheit. Mit zunehmender Temperatur verschiebt sich der Basispeak des Spektrums zu höheren Massen, und schwache Signale bis m/z 2000 und darüber werden registriert. Thermische Produkte werden hauptsächlich gebildet durch Wassereliminierung (-18 mu), Verlust der Säureamid-Gruppe (-44 mu) nach Umlagerung und von längeren Polyamiden durch Verlust von Methylengruppen (-42 oder 56 mu) durch cis-Eliminierung.Diese thermische Fragmentierung der Polymeren auf der Emitteroberfläche kann durch geeignete Emitterheizung kontrolliert werden und stimmt direkt mit der allgemeinen chemischen Kenntnis von diesen Substanzen in flüssiger und fester Phase überein. Zusammen mit den Vorteilen der integrierten Registrierung, der hohen Massenauflösung und der direkten Isotopenbestimmung ist die Kombination von Pyrolyse und Felddesorptions-Massenspektrometrie hervorragend geeignet zur Charakterisierung von synthetischen Polymeren anhand ihrer Untereinheiten und deren Sequenzen im hohen Massenbereich.
    Notes: Pyrolysis field desorption mass spectrometry has been performed from various polyamides such as nylon 6, 8, 12, and nylon 66. The pyrolytic behaviour of these compounds depends strongly on the solvent and the temperature program employed. Using formic acid as solvent strong thermal fragmentation is observed, while with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol almost exclusively molecular ions or cationized molecules of the monomer building block M are produced. With increasing temperature larger clusters of polymeric subunits (Mn + Na)+ are generated, but thermal fragmentation on the emitter surface also increases. The cationized molecules dominate all spectra. They are found from M3 to M5 or M15 depending on the chain length of the polymer subunit. With increasing temperature, the base peak of the spectrum is shifted to the higher mass end and small signals up to m/z 2000 and above are recorded. Thermal products are mainly formed by water elimination (-18 mu), loss of the acid amide group (-44 mu) after rearrangement and from longer polyamides by loss of the methylene groups (- 42 or 56 mu) by cis-elimination.These thermal fragmentations of the polymeric substances on the emitter surface can be controlled by appropriate emitter heating and correlate directly with the common chemical knowledge of these materials in the liquid or solid phase. Together with the options of integrating recording, high mass resolution and direct isotope determination, the combination of pyrolysis and field desorption mass spectrometry offers a unique tool for characterization of building blocks and high mass sequences in synthetic polymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The viscosity level in the range of the Newtonian viscosity η0, as well as in the shear rate dependent range (non-Newtonian-viscosity, η = f(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \mathop \gamma \limits^. $$\end{document})) of polymer solutions can be determined on the basis of a molecular modelling. Prerequisite is the information about the molecular parameters of the individual molecules  -  found in most cases in handbooks  -  and the result of the one-point measurement of η0 in the concentrated range.In addition, a criterium for shear stability was obtained, predicting the boundary range between a stable and a degraded polymer solution. This criterium holds for the laminar as well as for the turbulent flow. So, answers could be given to technologically interesting questions about the stability of the solutions.Under modified considerations, these results may be applied to polymer melts.
    Notes: Das Viskositätsniveau im Bereich der Ruhescherviskosität η0 (Newtonscher Bereich) sowie im schergeschwindigkeitsabhängigen Bereich (nicht-Newtonscher Bereich (η = f(\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \mathop \gamma \limits^. $$\end{document})) von Polymerlösungen kann auf der Basis molekularer Modellierungen bestimmt werden. Voraussetzung hierfür ist die Kenntnis der molekularen Parameter des Einzelmoleküls, welche in vielen Fällen Handbüchern entnommen werden könen, und das Ergebnis einer Einpunktmessung von η0 in konzentrierter Lösung. Darüber hinaus wurde ein Stabilitätskriterium erarbeitet, das den Grenzbereich zwischen einer scherstabilen und einer degradierten Polymerlösung vorhersagt. Dieses Kriterium ist sowohl für den laminaren als auch für den turbulenten Strömungszustand verwendbar, wodurch anwendungstechnologisch bedeutsame Fragestellungen bezüglich der Stabilität beantwortet werden können.Die Ergebnisse sind unter einer modifizierten Betrachtungsweise auf Polymerschmelzen übertragbar.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 39 (1998), S. 478-485 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; protein adsorption ; 2-D PAGE ; drug targeting ; colloidal drug carriers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Plasma protein adsorption patterns on colloidal drug carriers acquired after iv administration depend on their surface characteristics and are regarded as key factors for their in vivo organ distribution. Polymeric latex particles with strongly differing surface properties were synthesized as models for colloidal drug carriers for tissue-specific drug targeting via the intravenous route. Physicochemical characterization was performed for size, surface charge density, zeta potential, and surface hydrophobicity. The interactions with human plasma proteins were studied by way of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Considerable differences in protein adsorption on the latex particles were detected with regard to the total amount of surface-bound protein on the various particle types as well as specific proteins adsorbed, for example, fibrinogen, albumin, and a recently identified plasma glycoprotein. Possible correlations between protein adsorption patterns and the physicochemical characteristics and topography of the polymeric surfaces are shown and discussed. Knowledge about protein-nanoparticle interactions can be utilized for the rational design of colloidal drug carriers and also may be useful for optimizing implants and medical devices. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 478-485, 1998.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 77 (1964), S. 90-113 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is shown that the ULLMANN-reaction for aromatic nitro-iodo compounds practically occurs quantitatively if iodine is located in the o-position to the nitro group.With a corresponding bifunctional compound, 4,4′-diiodo-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, the same reaction conditions yielded a nitrosubstituted p-polyphenylene, a bright yellow insoluble and infusible powder which decomposes at higher temperature (〉 250°C.). Based on the iodine content (end groups) an average degree of condensation of 52 was calculated; this corresponds to a p-phenylene chain of 104 benzene rings. The polymer is crystalline and has a long period of ca. 30 Å.The investigations of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes were conducted primarily for the influence of nitro substitution on solubility. However, on the whole, nitro substitution rather decreases solubility, although in polar solvents e.g., nitro benzene or dimethyl-formamide considerable solubility increases could be observed. From these it appears reasonable that the nitro substituted p-polyphenylene described above is insoluble.For the synthesis of nitro substituted p-oligophenylenes the ULLMANN reaction proved to be very efficient. The iodine compounds needed as starting material were partially obtained by direct iodination with iodine liodic acid.
    Notes: Bei aromatischen Nitrojodverbindungen nimmt die ULLMANN-Reaktion unter verhältnismäßig milden Bedingungen einen praktisch quantitativen Verlauf, wenn sich das Jod in der o-Stellung zu einer Nitrogruppe befindet.Mit einer entsprechenden bifunktionellen Verbindung, dem 4,4′-Dijod-3,3′-dinitrobiphenyl, konnte unter den gleichen Bedingungen ein nitrosubstituiertes p-Polyphenylen erhalten werden, ein hellgelbes, unlösliches und unschmelzbares Pulver, das sich bei höherer Temperatur (〉 250°C) zersetzt. Auf Grund des Jodgehaltes (Endgruppen) wurde ein mittlerer Kondensationsgrad von 52 berechnet; das entspricht einer p-Phenylenkette aus 104 Benzolringen. Das Polymere ist kristallin und besitzt eine Langperiode von ca. 30 Å.Die Untersuchungen an nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylenen galten vor allem dem Einfluß der Nitrosubstitution auf die Löslichkeit. Im ganzen gesehen wirkt die Nitrosubstitution eher löslichkeitssenkend als -fördernd, wenn auch in polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Nitrobenzol oder Dimethylformamid beachtenswerte relative Löslichkeitssteigerungen zu beobachten sind. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen es verständlich erscheinen, daß das beschriebene nitrosubstituierte p-Polyphenylen unlöslich ist.Für die Synthese der nitrosubstituierten p-Oligophenylene bewährte sich vor allem die ULLMANN-Reaktion. Die als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Jodverbindungen konnten z. T. durch direkte Jodierung mit Jod/Jodsäure erhalten werden.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Venus surface composition as determined from atmospheric composition
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 74-77
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  • 16
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Venus atmosphere water content, discussing chemical reactions, temperature, dehydrogenation, etc
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; BROTECHNIKA, NO. 3(
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High temperature effects on evolution of Venus upper lithosphere, considering magnetic differentiation, isostatic adjustments, surface relief, mountain building time and distance scales, etc
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-12
    Description: Venus atmosphere origin, discussing high temperature effects and chemical composition via space probe and terrestrial observations
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 19
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ionization potentials of elemental abundances in lunar rocks compared with earth crust and class I carbonaceous chondrites, showing lunar materials differentiation
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: ; 17 (
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of theoretical limits and experimental data for the kinetics of the reaction quartz plus calcite yields wollastonite plus CO2 supports the concept of a short-term quasi-equilibrium state for the atmosphere of Venus. These data indicate that the time scale of this reaction and of any competing CO2 producing reaction may be as short as several hundred years or less at the inferred Venus surface temperatures.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 19; Aug. 197
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