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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Spadefoot toads (Pelobates) and Parsley frogs (Pelodytes) are an enigmatic group of Western Palaearctic anurans. In the genus Pelobates, a fossorial lifestyle has enforced a conserved bauplan that masks their intraspecific evolutionary history. We used partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes to infer a paleobiogeographic scenario of speciation events in these two anuran genera. Based on two alternative, mutually exclusive calibrations of the Iberian-African split within Pelobates (Pb. cultripes and Pb. varaldii), the disjunction of the Betic Cordillera ca. 14-16 million years ago (mya), and the end of the Messinian Salinity crisis 5.33 mya, we inferred alternative scenarios for species evolution within both genera applying regression-based dating and Bayesian molecular dating. Pelobates and Pelodytes are both monophyletic genera. Interspecific relationships among spadefoot toads are poorly resolved, and only an Iberian-African Pb. cultripes/Pb. varaldii clade consistently emerges from our analyses. An evolutionary scenario based on the Messinian divergence of African and Iberian Pelobates lineages becomes plausible in the light of geological and paleontological data. Consequently, Pelobates species are likely to have originated from the Miocene. Speciation around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary is inferred for the Iberian-Caucasian Pelodytes, and a Messinian divergence has to be invoked to explain intraspecific diversification of Iberian parsley frogs. There is indication that the different Pb. syriacus lineages may not form a monophylum.
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; paleobiogeography ; speciation ; regression-based molecular clock ; Bayesian molecular dating ; Messinian salinity crisis ; 16S ; 12S ; 42.82
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: Article / Letter to the editor
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Spadefoot toads (Pelobates) and Parsley frogs (Pelodytes) are an enigmatic group of Western Palaearctic anurans. In the genus Pelobates, a fossorial lifestyle has enforced a conserved bauplan that masks their intraspecific evolutionary history. We used partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes to infer a paleobiogeographic scenario of speciation events in these two anuran genera. Based on two alternative, mutually exclusive calibrations of the Iberian-African split within Pelobates (Pb. cultripes and Pb. varaldii), the disjunction of the Betic Cordillera ca. 14-16 million years ago (mya), and the end of the Messinian Salinity crisis 5.33 mya, we inferred alternative scenarios for species evolution within both genera applying regression-based dating and Bayesian molecular dating. Pelobates and Pelodytes are both monophyletic genera. Interspecific relationships among spadefoot toads are poorly resolved, and only an Iberian-African Pb. cultripes/Pb. varaldii clade consistently emerges from our analyses. An evolutionary scenario based on the Messinian divergence of African and Iberian Pelobates lineages becomes plausible in the light of geological and paleontological data. Consequently, Pelobates species are likely to have originated from the Miocene. Speciation around the Oligocene/Miocene boundary is inferred for the Iberian-Caucasian Pelodytes, and a Messinian divergence has to be invoked to explain intraspecific diversification of Iberian parsley frogs. There is indication that the different Pb. syriacus lineages may not form a monophylum.
    Keywords: Phylogeny ; paleobiogeography ; speciation ; regression-based molecular clock ; Bayesian molecular dating ; Messinian salinity crisis ; 16S ; 12S
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 78.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Propagation and deflection of guided modes in a polymer slab waveguide is studied. Rotation of the grating structure with respect to the plane of incidence deflects the waveguide modes in the plane of the sample so that the propagation direction is no longer perpendicular to the grating grooves. The deflection angles are measured as a function of the grating rotation angle and the experimental results are compared with theoretically expected values. The difference in polarization behaviour between waveguide and plasmon surface polariton grating rotation coupling is shown.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 1375-1377 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silicon(IV) diazide ; Photolysis ; Matrix isolation ; Silylene, bis(amino)- ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spectroscopic Identification of a Bis(amino)silyleneThe photolysis of the silicon diazide 3a in benzene solution and in an Ar matrix is described. Both irradiations cause the elimination of 3 equivalents of N2. Loss of N2 from 3a in benzene leads to the formation of the analytically investigated product or products 4 of uncertain structure. However, the matrix photolysis of 3a results in a compound which is stable up to 77 K and has been identified as the bis(amino)silylene 2d by comparison of its IR spectra with those of the homologous Sn and Ge compond.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 560 (1988), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Diazastannylenes. XXVI. Functionalized Cyclodisilazanes from Cyclic Diazastannylenes1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dihalogen-4,4-dimethylcyclodisilazanes (substituent = chlorine (3), bromine (4), or iodine (5) can be obtained from the reaction of 1,3-di-tert-butyl-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3,2,4λ2-diazasilanestannetidine (1) with SiCl4, and SiI4 respectively. The lighter the halogen in the silicon tetrahalides the more extreme the reaction conditions have to be. From the dibromide 4 the Si, Si-diazide 9 can be obtained by reaction with sodium azide. All products (3, 4, 5, and 9) dissolve in benzene as monomeric molecules.
    Notes: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dihalogen-4,4-dimethylcyclodisilazane Substituent Chlor (3), Brom (4), Iod (5)) lassen sich aus dem 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,2,4λ2-diazasilastannetidin (1) durch Umsetzung mit SiCl4, SiBr4 oder SiI4 erhalten. Je leichter das Halogen im Tertahalogenid ist, um so drastischere Reaktionsbedingungen müssen gewählt weden. Aus 4 ist durch Umsetzung mit Natriumazid auch das entsprechende Si, Si-Diazid (9) zugänglich. Alle neu synthetisierten Verbindungen 3, 4, 5 und 9 lösen sich als Monomere in Benzol.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Structure of Silyl Triazenes tBu3Si—N=N—NR—SitBu3 (R = Na, H, Me, SnMe3)Yellow triazenide (1) is prepared by reaction of tBu3SiN3 and tBu3SiNa in tetrahydrofuran (thf) in quantitative yield. It slowly decomposes above 200°C in a first order reaction to N2 and (tBu3Si)2NNa and reacts with MeOH, Me2SO4, Me3SnCl under formation of metastable, yellow silyl triazenes tBu3Si—N=N—NR—SitBu3 with R = H (2), Me (3), SnMe3 (4). Structures of the triazenes 2 and 4 have been determined by X-ray crystallography (for data cf. Table 1). The heavy atom framework in 2 (SiNNNSi) and 4 (SiNNNSnSi), respectively, is planar with zigzag configurated SiNNNSi chains. 2 and 4 are (from 1H-NMR) fluxional molecules: —N=N—NR—⇄—RN—N=N—.
    Notes: Das gelbe Triazenid (1) entsteht aus tBu3SiN3 und tBu3SiNa in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) in quantitativer Ausbeute. Es zerfällt ab 200°C langsam nach erster Reaktionsordnung in N2 und (tBu3Si)2NNa und reagiert mit MeOH, Me2SO4, Me3SnCl unter Bildung der metastabilen, gelben Silyltriazene tBu3Si—N=N—NR—SitBu3 mit R = H (2), Me (3), SnMe3 (4). Die Strukturen der Triazene 2 und 4 wurden durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gelöst (Daten Tab. 1). Das Gerüst der Schweren Atome in 2 (SiNNNSi) bzw. 4 (SiNNNSnSi) ist planar mit zickzack-konfigurierten SiNNNSi-Ketten. Laut 1H-NMR sind 2 und 4 fluktuierende Moleküle: —N=N—NR—⇄—RN—N=N—.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 619 (1993), S. 641-651 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-azido-4-R- 1,3,2,4-diazasilagermaetidines (R = organic group, amine or azide); reactions with germylenes ; trapping of germa-imines ; insertion of Ge=N into C-H bonds ; NMR ; x-ray structure analyses ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of a Cyclic Bis(amino)germylene with Germaniumazides: Trapping-Reactions of Unstable Germa-Imines.The cyclic bis(amino)germylene 1 reacts with different germaniumazides of the type Me2Si(NtBu)2Ge(R)N3 (R = Me (2), tBu (3), N(SiMe3)2 (4), R = N3 (5)). With the exception of 4 all azides lose dinitrogen when treated with 1 and the GeII center coordinates the α-nitrogen of the azide group. It seems to be reasonable to assume a transient germaimine (nitride) which is trapped by further reaction with the azide molecules 2 and 5 or by reaction with the solvent pyridine (3). In the case of 2 the germatetrazole [Me2Si(NtBu)2]GeN4[Ge(NtBu)2SiMe2]2 (6) is formed, the tetrazole nitrogens being exclusively substituted by germanium atoms (point symmetry of the molecule Cs(m)). When 1 is treated with 5 a tris(germa)amine [Me2Si(NtBu)2Ge(N3)]3N (8) is formed, which has an azide group attached to each Ge-atom. X-ray analysis reveals that the nine nitrogen atoms of the azide groups are coplanar with the trigonal planar Ge3N moiety (crystallographic symmetry: 3/m). The reaction of 1 with 3 is very surprising: the pyridine in the product Me2Si(NtBu)2Ge(C5H4N)—N(H)Ge(tBu)(NtBu)2SiMe2 (7) is bonded via an α-carbon atom while the remaining hydrogen has added to the nitride-nitrogen. 6 crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group C2/m, a = 24.306(9), b = 10.933(6), c = 19.420(9) Å, β = 91.81(2)° and Z = 4. 7 crystallizes in the hexagonal system space group P63/m with a = b = 16.73(1), c = 11.006(8) Å, γ = 120° and Z = 2, and 8 crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group P21/n, a = 11.341(6), b = 26.086(9), c = 13.244(7) Å, β = 98. I2(2)° mit Z = 4.
    Notes: Das cyclische Bis(amino)germylen 1 wurde mit verschiedenen Germaniumaziden Me2Si(NtBu)2GeR(N3) (R = Me (2), tBu (3), N(SiMe3)2 (4), N3 (5)) umgesetzt. Außer 4 reagieren alle Azide mit dem Germylen 1 unter Distickstoffentwicklung und gleichzeitigem Angriff des GeII-Zentrums auf den α-Stickstoff einer Azidgruppe. Das sich offenbar zwischenzeitlich bildende Germaimin (bzw. Germanitrid) wird durch weitere Reaktion mit der Azidkomponente (2 und 5) bzw. mit dem Lösungsmittel Pyridin abgefangen. Im Falle der Reaktion mit 2 bildet sich ein Germatetrazol [Me2Si(NtBu)2]GeN4[Ge(Me)(NtBu)2SiMe2]2 (6), dessen Stickstoffatome ausschließlich durch Germaniumatome substituiert sind (Punktsymmetrie Cs(m)). Bei der Reaktion mit 5 entsteht ein Tris(germa)amin [Me2Si(NtBu)2Ge(N3)]3N (7), das an jedem Germaniumatom noch jeweils eine Azidgruppe gebunden hat. Nach Röntgenstrukturanalyse befinden sich neben der trigonal planaren Ge3N-Einheit noch die 9 Stickstoffatome der Azidgruppen in der Molekülebene (kristallographische 3/m Symmetrie). Besonders überraschend ist die Reaktion von 1 mit 3 in Pyridin: im Produkt Me2Si(NtBu)2Ge(C5H4N)N(H)Ge(tBu)(NtBu)2SiMe2 (8) ist der Pyridinrest über das α-Kohlenstoffatom an das Germanium gebunden, während das verbleibende Wasserstoffatom sich an den Nitrid-Stickstoff addiert hat. 6 kristallisiert monoklin in C2/m mit a = 24,306(9), b = 10,933(6), c = 19,420(9) Å, β = 91,81(2)° mit Z = 4, 7 kristallisiert hexagonal in P63/m mit a = b = 16,73(1), c = 11,006(6) Å, γ = 120° mit Z = 2, und 8 kristallisiert monoklin in P21/n mit a = 11,341(6), b = 26,086(9), c = 13,244(7) Å, β = 98,12(2)° mit Z = 4.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 557 (1988), S. 7-22 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Bis(amino)-Arsa-, -Stiba-, -Bismachlorides and a Special Tris(amino)bismutaneIn the trichlorides of arsenic, antimony, and bismut two of the chlorine atoms have been substituted by the ligand -N(tBu)—SiMe2—(tBu)N- yielding four membered cycles (SiN2El). The kind of association and the structures of the compounds 3 (El = As), 4 (El = Sb), and 5 (El = Bi) are different in solution as well as in the solid state as found by 1H-NMR spectra (temperature and concentration dependancy) and by X-ray structure analyses. The arsenic compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic lattice, space group P21/c, with 4 molecules within the unit cell (a = 920.0(6), b = 1462.9(9), c = 1240.8(7) pm, β = 105.8(1)°), the antimony and bismut derivatives 4 and 5 are isotypic and isostructural and crystallize in the ortho-rhombic system (space group Pnma, Z = 4;lattice constants for: a = 1140.2(8), b = 1095,7(7) c = 1328.7(9) pm; for 5: a = 1105.1(5), b = 1123.3(5), c = 1340.0(8) pm). While the crystal structure of 3 contains isolated molecules, which tend weakly to associate to dimers via As—Cl…As bridges (AS—Cl = 234.5(1), Cl…As = 442.3(1) pm), the structures of 4 and 5 are filed up with one dimesionally catenated molecules. The cholrine substituents, which are almost perpendicular to the SbN2Si and BiN2Si cycles, interact with neighbouring molecules in such a way that each Sb and Bi atom becomes four coordinated. An infinite El—Cl…El—Cl chain results from these interactions with angles 143.5° (4) and 145.7° (5) at the cholrine atoms. The bridging capacity of the chlorine atom is stronger in the Bi-compound compared to the Sb-molecule (Sb—Cl = 247.2(3), Cl…Sb = 352.1(3) pm; Bi—Cl = 274.8(4), Cl…Bi = 304.7(4) pm). As a minor product in the synthesis of 5 a compund 6 may be obtained which has exclusively nitrogen atoms bonded to the bismut: Me2Si(NtBu)2Bi—N(tBu)—SiMe2—(tBu)N—Bi(NtBu)2SiMe2.The compound 6 crystallizes in a monoclinic lattice (P21/c, a = 1474.2(3), b = 1477.6(3), c= 1997.7(6) pm, β = 94.68(8)°). The distortion of the C2-symmetry in 6 (the twofold axis passes within the Me2Si-group at the center) is of minor importance. The Bi—N-bond lengths within the SiN2Bi-cycles (Bi—N (averages)= 216.5(5) pm) are shorter than the corresponding external distances (Bi—N (average) = 220.45(5) pm).
    Notes: In den Trichloriden von Arsen, Antimon und Bismut lassen sich jeweils zwei Chloratome durch den Liganden -N(tBu)—SiMe2—N(tBu)- austauschen, wodurch viergliedrige Ringe (SiN2El) entstehen. Sowohl in Lösung (temperatur- und konzentrationsabhängige 1H-NMR-Spektren) als auch im Festkörper (Röntgenstrukturanalysen) besitzen die Verbindungen 3 (El = As), 4 (El = Sb) bzw. 5 (El = Bi) unterschiedliche Assoziationsgrade bzw. Strukturen. Das Arsenderivat 3 kristallisiert monoklin, in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit 4 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle (a = 920,0(6), b = 1 462,9(9), c = 1240,8(7) pm, β = 105,8(1)°), das Antimon- und Bismutderivat 4 und 5 sind isotyp und isostrukturell und kristallisieren ortho-rhombisch (Raumgruppe Pnma, Z = 4; Gitterkonstanten für 4: a = 1140,2(8), b = 1095,7(7), c = 1328,7(9) pm; für 5: a = 1105,1(5), b = 1123,3(5), c = 1340,0(8) pm). Während die Kristallstruktur von 3 im wesentlichen aus isolierten Molekülen besteht, die eine schwache Tendenz zu paarweiser Assoziation besitzen (As—Cl…As Brücken, As—Cl = 234,5(1), Cl…As = 442,3(1) pm), sind die Moleküle in den Kristallen von 4 und 5 eindimensional verkettet. Die zu den SbN2Si- bzw. BiN2Si-Ringen nahezu senkrecht stehenden Chlorsubstituenten treten mit Nachbarmolekülen derart in Wechselwirkung, daß jedes Sb- und Bi-Atom vierfach koordiniert wird und eine unendliche El—Cl…El—Cl-Kette entsteht, die an den Chloratomen gewinkelt ist (4): 143,5°, (5): 145,7°. Die verbrückende Rolle des Chloratoms ist bei der Bi-Verbindung stärker ausgeprägt als bei der Sb-Verbindung (Sb—Cl = 247,2(3), Cl…Sb = 352,1(3) pm; Bi—Cl = 274,8(4), Cl…Bi = 304,7(4) pm). Als Nebenprodukt kann bei der Darstellung von 5, eine Verbindung 6 erhalten werden, die nur Stickstoffatome am Bismut gebunden hat: Me2Si(NtBu)2 Bi—N(tBu)—SiMe2—(tBu)N—Bi(NtBu)2SSiMe2. Diese Verbindung 6 kristallisiert monoklin (P21/c, a = 1474,2(3), b = 1477,6(3), c = 1997,7(6) pm, β = 94,68(8)°). Die Abweichung von der C2-Symmetrie bei 6 (die zweizählige Achse verläuft durch die mittlere SiMe2-Gruppe) ist nur unbedeutend. Die Bi—N-Bindungslängen innerhalb der SiN2Bi-Ringe (Bi—N (Mittel) = 216,5(5) pm) sind kürzer als die außerhalb (Bi—N (Mittel) = 220,45(5) pm).
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 559 (1988), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Element-Nitrogen Double Bond in Cations of Cyclic Bis(amino)phospha-, -arsa-, -stiba-, and bismuthinesBis(amino)sila-phospha, -arsa-, -stiba-, and bismaetidines which bear a positive charge and incorporate a formally two valent element of group V are obtained from the corresponding bis(amino)elementchlorides by transfer of the chloride anion to the Lewis acids AlCl3, GaCl3, and InCl3. X-ray structure analyses on the compounds Me2Si(NtBu)2P+AlCl4- (2a), Me2Si(NtBu)2Sb+AlCl4- (2c), and Me2Si(NtBu)2Bi+AlCl4 -(2d) reveal that the electron lack at the element(V) can be compensated by two different bonding mechanisms. In the case of the phosphorus derivative 2a the electronic balance is accomplished by intramolecular backbonding from the neighbouring nitrogen atoms (mean N-P+ = 163.3 pm). In the antimony and bismuth derivatives (2c and 2d) the chlorine atoms of the AlCl4 anions coordinate to the unsaturated element(V) in an intermolecular manner (mean: Sb·Cl = 305, Bi⃛Cl = 309 pm). The N—Si—N group which is identical in all molecules, may be used as a probe for the electronic balance within the ring systems. The bond lengths and angles vary dramatically with respect to the electron acceptor properties of the element to which the group is bonded. 2a forms orthorhombic crystals, space group Pnma, Z = 8 (a = 3023.7(9), b = 1001.0(3), c = 1414.6(5) pm), and 2c and 2d are isotypic, again orthorhombic, space group Pbca with Z = 8 (2c a = 2030.8(8), b = 1193.1(4), c = 1777.1(6) pm; 2d: a = 2025.9(8), b = 1198.0(4), c = 1761.3(6) pm).
    Notes: Bis(amino)silaphospha-, -arsa-, -stiba- und bismaetidine mit positiver Ladung und einem formal nur zweibindigen Element der 5. Hauptgruppe können aus den entsprechenden Bis(amino)elementchloriden durch Übertragung des Chloridions auf eine Lewis-Säure wie AlCl3, GaCl3 order InCl3 erhalten werden. Röntgenstrukturanalysen an den Verbindungen Me2Si(NtBu)2P+AlCl4- (2a), Me2Si(NtBu)2Sb+AlCl4- (2c) und Me2Si(NtBu)2Bi+AlCl4- (2d) zeigen, daß die Elektronenarmut am Element(V) durch zwei unterschiedliche Bindungsarten kompensiert wird: Im Falle des Phosphorderivates 2a geschieht der elektronische Ausgleich intramolekular durch die benachbarten Stickstoffatome (Mittelwert N-P+ = 163,3 pm), während in dem Antimon-(2c) und Bismut-Derivat (2d) die Chlorsubstituenten der AlCl4-Anionen intermolekular das Element(V) absättigen (Mittelwerte: Cl⃛Sb = 305, Cl⃛Bi = 309 pm). Die N—Si—N-Gruppierung, die in allen Molekülen als identischer Teil vorhanden ist, kann als Sonde für die Elektronenverteilung im Ring benutzt werden. Die Abstände und Winkel innerhalb dieser Gruppe variieren stark mit der Elektronenakzeptorfähigkeit des Elementes, an das sie gebunden ist. 2a kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Pnma, Z = 8 (a = 3023,7(9), b = 1001,0(3), c = 1414,6(5) pm) und 2c und 2d sind isotyp, ebenfalls orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Pbca mit Z = 8 (2c a = 2030,8(8), b = 1193,1(4), c = 1777,1(6) pm; 2d: a = 2025,9(8), b = 1198,0(4), c = 1761,3(6) pm).
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-4-X-4-Y-1,3,2,4-diazasilagermetidines (X, Y = halide, pseudohalide, alkyl or amino substituent) ; syntheses ; reduction ; 1H-NMR ; X-ray structure analyses ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Diazastannylenes. XXXII. On the Synthesis and Reactivity of Difunctional Cyclosilagermadiazanes - Formation of DigermanesThe cyclic bisaminostannylene Me2Si(t-BuN)2Sn 1 reacts with tetrahalides of germanium GeX4(X = Cl, Br, I) forming the bisaminodihalogengermanes 2a, 2b and 2c. The halogen atoms of the compounds 2 may be substituted by alkyl-, amino- and pseudohalide groups: Me2Si(t-BuN)2GeXY (X = Y = N3 3; X = Br, Y = Me 4, Y = t-Bu 6, Y = N(SiMe3)2 8a, Y = NEt2 9; X = Me, Y = N3 5a, Y = CN 5b; X = N3, Y = t-Bu 7, Y = N(SiMe3)2 10; X = I, Y = N(SiMe3)2 8b). Reduction of the compounds 2b and 4 with sodium naphthalide generates the digermanes (Me2Si(t-BuN)2GeR)2 (with R = Br 11, R = Me 12) Compound 8b crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 8 and lattice constants a = 16.205(8), b = 19.854(9), c = 17.537(9) Å, β = 107.50(9)°. Compound 11 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with Z = 2 and lattice constants a = 8.921(4), b = 11.091(5), c = 17.590(8) Å, α = 80.5(1), β = 89.2(1), γ = 71.4(1)°.
    Notes: Das cyclische Bisaminotannylen Me2Si(t-BuN)2Sn 1 reagiert mit Germaniumtetrahalogeniden GeX4 (X = Cl Br, I) zu den Bisaminodihalogengermanen 2a, 2b und 2c. Die Halogenatome der Verbindungen 2 können durch Alkyl- und Amino- sowie Pseudohalogengruppen ersetzt werden: Me2Si(t-BuN)2GeXY (X = Y = N3) 3; X = Br, Y = Me 4, Y = t-Bu 6, Y = N(SiMe3)2 8a, Y = NEt2 9; X = Me, Y = N3 5a, Y = CN 5b; X = N3, Y = t-Bu 7, Y = N(SiMe3)2 10; X = I, Y = N(SiMe3)2 (8b). Durch Reduktion der Verbindungen 2b und 4 mit Natriumnaphthalid erhält man die Digermane (Me2Si(t-BuN)2GeR)2 (mit R = Br 11, R = Me 12). Die Verbindung 8b kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 8 und a = 16,205(8), b = 19,854(9), c = 17,537(9) Å, β = 107,50(9)° und die Verbindung 11 kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 mit Z = 2 und den Gitterkonstanten a = 8,921(4), b = 11,091(5), c = 17,590(8) Å, α = 80,5(1), β = 89,2(1), γ = 71,4(1)°.
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