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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface hydrocarbon components of two species ofNasutitermes from Trinidad (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2441-2450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; Nasutitermitinae ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; Neotropical termites ; Nasutitermes costalis ; Nasutitermes corniger ; Nasutitermes ephratae ; Caribbean insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Colonies ofNasutitermes costalis (Holmgren) andN. ephratae (Holmgren) were collected from five locations in Trinidad. Cuticular hydrocarbons were characterized by gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry and quantified by capillary gas chromatography. Sixteen major components were identified; all but one component (12, 16-dimethyltriacontane) were common to both species. The methyl-branched hydrocarbons were predominant inN. costalis, while the majority of the hydrocarbon components inN. ephratae weren-alkanes. One hydrocarbon (11,15-dimethylheptacosane) was found in abundance in samples ofN. ephratae from Trinidad but was not previously reported from collections of this species in Panama. In addition to the morphology of the soldiers and alates and the architecture of the arboreal nests,N. costalis andN. ephratae from Trinidad can easily be separated by chromatograms of the hydrocarbons.N. costalis has an enormous 13,17-dimethylhentriacontane peak (mean = 42.4% of total hydrocarbon). InN. ephratae this peak is much smaller and the 12,16-dimethyltriacontane peak is completely missing.N. costalis from Trinidad andN. corniger from Panama appear to have cuticular hydrocarbon profiles that are more similar to one another than are those ofN. ephratae from Trinidad and Panama.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017467
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition and efficacy of cephalic gland secretion ofArmitermes chagresi (Isoptera: Termitidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 531-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armitermes chagresi ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; termite ; chemical defense ; cephalic gland ; macrocyclic lactones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Soldiers of the neotropical humivorous termiteArmitermes chagresi have large ice-tong-like mandibles for mechanical defense and a moderate length nasus from which cephalic gland defensive secretions are discharged. Soldiers do not eject secretion, but ooze droplets which are held at the nasus tip by hairs. The chemical secretion is composed of C22–C26 macrocyclic lactones, including C24 and C26 and α- and β-hydroxylated lactones, with C24 macrolides predominating. The cephalic gland secretion has no pheromonal properties and does not induce alarm or attraction in soldiers or workers. Upon application, the secretion repels and is irritating to ants, but does not appear to act as an antihealant. The defensive behavior and chemistry ofA. chagresi is discussed in light of termite ecology and evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988098
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Termites of the British Virgin Islands (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 927-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cuticular hydrocarbons ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; Virgin Islands ; Caribbean termites ; olefins ; methylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the termites (Isoptera) of 17 islands of the British Virgin Island (BVI) complex yielded eight taxa belonging to three families. The Kalotermitidae include Neotermes mona (Banks), Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and an undetermined species of Incisitermes, likely Incisitermes nr snyderi (Light) or I. incisus (Silvestri). The only rhinotermitid collected is an undetermined species of Heterotermes (Froggatt). Parvitermes wolcotti (Snyder), Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren), and N. acajutlae (Holmgren) comprise the Termitidae. Cuticular hydrocarbon mixtures were characterized for each of the taxa. Blends of abundant hydrocarbons are species-specific and can be used to identify a given taxon without the diagnostic castes, soldiers, or imagoes, although the species of Incisitermes were not separable on the basis of cuticular hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006381.75185.86
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbons ofNasutitermes acajutlae and comparison of methodologies for sampling cuticular hydrocarbons of caribbean termites for taxonomic and ecological studies (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 2081-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nasutitermes acajutlae ; chemotaxonomy ; Isoptera ; Termitidae ; tropical termites ; gas chromatography ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; olefins ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using data from the arboreal nestingNasutitermes acajutlae (Holmgren), we propose standard collection and extraction methodology for characterization of cuticular hydrocarbons of termites under field conditions in the tropics. Specifically, we evaluated: (1) the effect of the duration and the number of extractions; (2) the effect of drying termites before extraction; (3) the effect of sample size; (4) the effect of solvents (ethanol versus hexane) on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Olefins comprise ca. 70% of the cuticular hydrocarbons ofN. acajutlae. Hydrocarbons consist of two distinct groups: early-eluting components, primarilyn-alkanes and methyl-branched alkanes, and late-eluting compounds, which consist almost exclusively of unsaturated components with one to six double bonds. Soldiers have more early-eluting compounds than workers or alates. Nests from the same island had qualitatively similar, but quantitatively dissimilar hydrocarbon mixtures. Brief extractions of 300 live workers in 10 ml of hexane for only 20 sec produced a hydrocarbon mixture equivalent to a 10-min extraction. Long-term extraction of 300 workers in hexane for two years resulted in different mixtures of hydrocarbons. Drying workers tended to enhance extraction of the less abundant unsaturated compounds such as C41.4 and C41.5. A single extraction of a minimum of 100 workers (live or dried), with hexane for 20 sec to 10 min is best; these extraction regimes resulted in mixtures of hydrocarbons that are quantitatively very similar. For quantitative comparisons, extracts from dried samples should not be compared to those from live samples. Storage in ethanol caused numerous unidentified, nonhydrocarbon compounds to be extracted either from the cuticle or from internal tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040096
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agonistic behavior correlated with hydrocarbon phenotypes in dampwood termites,Zootermopsis (Isoptera: Termopsidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 523-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; aggression ; kin recognition ; kin discrimination ; Zootermopsis ; Isoptera ; species interactions ; cuticular hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dampwood termite genus ZootermopsisEmerson contains three recognized species with four distinct and consistent hydrocarbon phenotypes. Agonistic behaviors among nonreproductive insects from colonies of the same and different hydrocarbon phenotypes were observed in the laboratory. Various combinations of soldier versus nymphs, pseudergate versus pseudergate, and soldier versus soldier encounters were used in experimental trials. Soldiers or pseudergates seldom attack individuals of the same hydrocarbon phenotype. Z. angusticollis(Hagen) (phenotype II) is typically aggressive toward phenotype III of Z. nevadensis(Hagen) but not always aggressive against phenotype I of Z. nevadensis.The variation in response is dependent on which castes are placed in the bioassay arena: soldier versus soldier bouts result in consistent aggression, while pseudergate versus pseudergate or soldier versus nymphs contacts do not. Both pseudergates and soldiers of Z. laticeps(Banks) (phenotype IV) respond agonistically toward the other three phenotypes: Z. angusticollis (II) and Z. nevadensis(I and III). Although hydrocarbon phenotypes I and III, both Z. nevadensis,are morphologically indistinguishable, agonistic behavioral responses between phenotype I and phenotype III are not equivalent to I versus I or III versus III behavioral responses. The I versus III engagements, regardless of the castes involved, display a greater proportion of avoidance and aggressive responses than I or III intraphenotype encounters. We interpret the lack of avoidance or aggressive behavior within each of the two phenotypes of Z. nevadensisand the significant avoidance and aggressive behavior between phenotypes as definite evidence of discrimination between disparate hydrocarbon phenotypes. These agonistic bioassays along with data on distinct hydrocarbon patterns and geographic distributions serve as the basis for creating two subspecies of Z. nevadensis: Z. n. nevadensis(Hagen) and Z. n. nuttingiHaverty and Thorne, ssp. nov.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053352
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence depolarization studies of the phase transition in multilamellar phospholipid vesicles exposed to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; multilamellar phospholipid vesicles ; phase transition ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; TEM cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The phase transition in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles was studied during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation. Fluorescence depolarization measurements using a lipid-seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene (DPH). were performed as a function of temperature. Semilog plots of microviscosity versus temperature illustrate the phase transition which shows a 5°C shift when the vesicles are treated with chloroform as a positive control. No shift of the phase transition was found during exposure to microwave radiation at specific absorption rates between 1 and 30 W/kg. Samples were exposed in a rectangular transmission line (TEM cell), and specific absorption rates were calculated from electrical measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted power. Samples were exposed to increasing intensities of radiation, while the temperature was maintained at either 23.5 or 25.5 °C; these temperatures represented the two ends of the phase transition region for these vesicles. No statistically significant difference was found between exposed and control samples. These results are in contrast to those of others using laser Raman spectroscopy to measure the phase transition in similar multilamellar vesicles exposed to microwave radiation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250030304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorescence depolarization studies of red cell membrane fluidity. The effect of exposure to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Crawford cell ; diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; red cell membranes ; temperature dependence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The internal viscosity of human red blood cell membranes was investigated during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation using fluorescence measurements of a lipid seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene. Samples were exposed in a Crawford cell arranged so that fluorescence was measured during microwave exposure; specific absorption rates calculated from electrical measurements were approximately 0.6, 2 and 15 W/kg. Measurements were obtained at selected temperatures between 15 °C and 40 °C and as a function of the duration of exposure at 23 °C. Arrhenius-type plots of the temperature profile data were linear and showed no difference between exposed and control samples. The exposure duration data also showed no difference between exposed and control samples except for a small effect of elevated temperature at the highest exposure. The activation energy for motion of the fluorescent probe in its environment within the membrane lipid was not affected by the application of the microwave energy and no evidence for a lipid phase transition was found. These results indicate that the increased cation efflux from red cells, observed by others at certain transition temperatures during microwave exposure, was more likely to have been caused by alteration of the membrane bound protein than by changes in the lipid constituents of the red cell membrane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020103
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