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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 10 (1997), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: metal alkoxide complexes ; β-keto ligands ; hydrolysis ; particle size ; IR ; 13C NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The complexation degrees of Al-, Ti- and Zr-butoxide (M) with unsaturated and saturated β-diketones (3-allylpentane-2.4-dione-APD, acetylacetone-ACAC) and β-ketoesters (methacryloxyethyl-acetoacetate-MEAA, allylacetoacetate-AAA, ethylacetoacetate-EAA) as organic ligands (L) were examined by IR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and were found to be L:M ≥ 1.5. The hydrolytic stability of the ligands of the metal alkoxide complexes (L:M = 1) during hydrolysis/condensation reactions at the molar ratio h (H2O : OR) = 0.5–2.0 decreases with increasing H〈math〉2O:complex ratio. Furthermore, the ligand stability depends on the type of metal in the complexes and decreases in the order Al- 〉 Zr- 〉 Ti-butoxide complexes at h=1. The ACAC ligand likewise shows in the Al-, Ti- and Zr-butoxide complexes a high hydrolytic stability (95–100%) at h=1 within 7 days. The Ti- and Zr-butoxide complexes with β-ketoesters as ligand show at h=1〉 a release to a different extent e.g., up to 60% in the case of the MEAA-ligand in the Ti-butoxide complex after 2 days. In general, the hydrolytic stability of the ligands in the Ti-butoxide complexes (L:M = 1, h=1) decreases in the order ACAC 〉 APD 〉 AAA 〉 EAA ≥ MEAA. The hydrolysis/condensation reaction of complexes having a weak ligand stability leads to larger particle sizes in the sols than those with stable ACAC ligands. The results contribute to a more controlled synthesis of sols and of new inorganic-organic hybrid polymers via the sol-gel process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Silicate hydrate ; 1,1,4,4-tetramethylpiperazinium ; 1,4-dimethyl-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ; 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium ; clathrate ; crystal structure ; double four-ring silicate anion ; hydrogen bonding ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: [TMPA]4[Si8O20] · 34 H2O und [DDBO]4[Si8O20] · 32 H2O sind Heteronetzwerk-Clathrate mit 1,1,4,4-Tetramethylpiperazinium (TMPA) und 1,4-Dimethyl-1,4-Diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan (DDBO) Gastkationen[TMPA]4[Si8O20] · 34 H2O (1) und [DDBO]4[Si8O20] · 32 H2O (2) wurden durch Kristallisation aus wäßrigen Lösungen der entsprechenden quartären Alkylammoniumhydroxide und SiO2 erhalten. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden mittels Einkristallröntgenbeugung bestimmt. 1: Monoklin, a = 16,056(2), b = 22,086(6), c = 22,701(2) Å, β = 90,57(1)° (T = 210 K), Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4. 2: Monoklin, a = 14,828(9), b = 20,201(7), c = 15,519(5) Å, β = 124,13(4)° (T = 255 K), Raumgruppe P21/c, Z = 2. Die Polyhydrate sind strukturverwandte Wirt-Gast-Verbindungen mit dreidimensionalen Wirtstrukturen aus über Wasserstoffbrücken verknüpften oligomeren Anionen [Si8O20]8- und H2O-Molekülen. Die Silicat-Anionen haben eine würfelförmige Doppelvierring-Struktur und eine lokale Umgebung, die von 24 H2O-Molekülen und sechs Kationen (TMPA, [C8H20N2]2+, oder DDBO, [C8H18N2]2+) gebildet wird. Die Kationen befinden sich als Gastspezies in großen, unregelmäßigen, käfigartigen Hohlräumen. Untersuchungen mittels der 29Si-NMR-Spektroskopie und der Trimethylsilylierungsmethode haben gezeigt, daß die gesättigten Lösungen von 1 und 2 hohe Anteile an Doppelvierring-Anionen enthalten. Derartige Anionen sind auch in der gesättigten Lösung des Heteronetzwerk-Clathrats [DMPI]6[Si8O18(OH)2] · 48,5 H2O (3) mit 1,1-Dimethylpiperidinium-Kationen (DMPI, [C7H16N]+) als Gastspezies enthalten.
    Notes: [TMPA]4[Si8O20] · 34 H2O (1) and [DDBO]4[Si8O20] · 32 H2O (2) have been prepared by crystallization from aqueous solutions of the respective quaternary alkylammonium hydroxide and SiO2. The crystal structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 1: Monoclinic, a = 16.056(2), b = 22.086(6), c = 22.701(2) Å, β = 90.57(1)° (T = 210 K), space group C2/c, Z = 4. 2: Monoclinic, a = 14.828(9), b = 20.201(7), c = 15.519(5) Å, β = 124.13(4)° (T = 255 K), space group P21/c, Z = 2. The polyhydrates are structurally related host-guest compounds with three-dimensional host frameworks composed of oligomeric [Si8O20]8- anions and H2O molecules which are linked via hydrogen bonds. The silicate anions possess a cube-shaped double four-ring structure and a characteristic local environment formed by 24 H2O molecules and six cations (TMPA, [C8H20N2]2+, or DDBO, [C8H18N2]2+). The cations themselves reside as guest species in large, irregular, cage-like voids. Studies employing 29Si NMR spectroscopy and the trimethylsilylation method have revealed that the saturated aqueous solutions of 1 and 2 contain high proportions of double four-ring silicate anions. Such anions are also abundant species in the saturated solution of the heteronetwork clathrate [DMPI]6[Si8O18(OH)2] · 48.5 H2O (3) with 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium (DMPI, [C7H16N]+) guest cations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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