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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kauranoid diterpenes in Espletia species
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Phytochemistry 12 (1973), S. 2999 
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Compositae ; E. littlei ; E. timotensis ; Espletia humbertii ; Kaurane derivatives.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031-9422(73)80526-6
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    1.Gas Hazard Assessment In The Roman Province By TDL And Accumulation Chamber (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The city of Rome lies between the two Quaternary volcanic complexes of Mts. Sabatini, to the North, and of Alban Hills to the South. Both these volcanic areas are characterized by zones with a huge endogenous degassing and several accidents have occurred to people and animals in the last 20 years. CO2 is the main component (up to 98 vol.%) of the gas emissions followed by H2S (1-2 vol.%), and N2. The Caldara di Manziana depression hosts the main gas manifestation of Mts. Sabatini. Here a total (diffusive and viscous) CO2 release of ca. 160 tons/day from 0.15 Km2 has been measured. The Colli Albani edifice extends to the south-eastern periphery of Rome. Its main gas emission zones are Cava dei Selci and Solforata di Pomezia. Cava dei Selci is an area located in the suburb of the homonymous village. CO2 diffusive flux from the soil (from 6000 m2) ranged between 25 and 5 tons/day in the last 7 years. The continuous monitoring of CO2 and H2S in air (1m) in the confining village has shown the frequent overcome of the (TWA and STEL) threshold limits for both gases. At Solforata di Pomezia a 44 tons/day CO2 diffusive flux has been estimated from 1.9 hectares, with 0.5 tons/day of H2S. On 2007, two multi-technique surveys have been carried out to estimate the total gas output of these three degassing sites, by measuring CO2 and H2S fluxes from the soil (by accumulation chambers) and the gas flux from bubbling pools. Moreover the CO2 and H2S concentration in air were measured by several TDL profiles. Results confirm the high gas hazard of these areas. Particularly in late afternoon and night, when wind strongly lowers, lethal concentrations are frequently reached by H2S, whereas CO2 remains at high but tolerable values.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: Shimabara, Giappone
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: open
    Keywords: Gas hazard, TDL, CO2 and H2S soil flux, Roman volcanic Province ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 3
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    Health Hazard from Gas Emissions in the Quaternary Volcanic Province of Latium (Italy) (2011)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Quaternary Volcanic Province of Central Italy is characterized by zones with a huge endogenous degassing where frequent, sometimes lethal, accidents occur to people and animals. The emitted gas has a deep origin (volcanic or mantle) and is mainly composed by CO2 (up to 98%) and H2S (1-4%), which may reach dangerous concentrations both in open air and indoor. Here we present the results of a multiparametric geochemical study carried out in 2007-2009 in the Provinces of Rome and Viterbo (Latium), with the aim of assessing the health hazard of their main gas emission sites (GES). Three types of GES were investigated: 1. natural, open-air thermal pools, 2. within natural reserves, 3. near to inhabited zones. More than 15 GES have been studied, and here we will illustrate some of the cases with the highest hazard. Results are presented for the sites of Vejano and Mola di Oriolo (Viterbo), Caldara di Manziana, Tor Caldara and Solforata di Pomezia (Rome). Cava dei Selci is a well-known inhabited area of the volcanic complex of Colli Albani (Rome). In each site, multi-technique surveys have been carried out to estimate the total gas output and its concentration in air, by measuring: CO2 and H2S viscous and diffuse flux (the latter by accumulation chamber), CO2 and H2S concentration in air (by TDL profiles and punctual Draeger measurements); moreover, the chemical and isotopic composition of the gas was determined in each site. In all these zones, lethal air concentrations may be reached by both H2S and CO2, but more frequently by the first. Recommendations for risk reduction were given to Civil Protection authorities.
    Description: Comission of Cities and Volcanoes (CaV) of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID), Gobierno de España Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Gobierno de España Unidad Militar de Emergencias (UME), Ministerio de Defensa, Gobierno de España Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI), Gobierno de Canarias Viceconsejería de Infraestructuras y Planificación, Gobierno de Canarias Consejería de Turismo, Gobierno de Canarias Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial, Gobierno de Canarias Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno de Canarias Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME)Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN)Academia Canaria de Seguridad Federación Canaria de Municipios (FECAM) Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)Instituto de Estudios Hispánicos de Canarias (IEHC) CajaCanarias
    Description: Published
    Description: Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: Latium Volcanic Province, gas hazard, CO2 and H2S ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 4
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    Active tectonic features and structural dynamics of the summit area of Mt. Etna (Italy) revealed by soil CO2 and soil temperature surveying (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents the results of an extensive geochemical survey aimed at measuring soil CO2 effluxes and soil temperatures over a large portion of Mt. Etna's summit area, coupled with an updated structural survey of the same area. The main goals of this study were i) to find concealed or hidden volcano-tectonic structures in the studied area by detecting anomalous soil gas emissions, ii) to investigate the origin of the emitted gas and the mechanism of gas and heat transport to the surface, iii) to produce a structural model based both on the surface geology and on the soil gas data and, lastly, iv) to contribute to the assessment of hazard from slope failure and crater collapses at Mt. Etna. The results revealed many concealed structural lines that followed the major directions of structural weakness in the summit area of Mt. Etna, mostly due to a combined action of gravitational spreading of the volcano and magma intrusions. Both recent and old volcano-tectonic lines were found to act as pathways for the leakage of magmatic gases to the surface. An important role in driving magmatic gases to the surface is also played by fracturing and faulting due to caldera-forming collapses and smaller crater collapses. Correlation between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature allowed discriminating areas of active shallow hydrothermal circulation along deep fractures (characterized by high values of both parameters, but mostly soil temperature) from those affected by undeveloped fractures that did not reach the surface (characterized by high CO2 emissions at low temperature). The former corresponded to weak zones of the volcano edifice that were frequently site of past eruptions, indicating that those areas keep a high potential for future opening of eruptive fissures. The latter were likely related to sites where new eruptive fissures may open in the near future due to backward propagation of extensional tectonic stress.
    Description: project CGL2005-07509/CLI, Ministry of Education and Science of Spain; DPC-INGV project FLANK; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia — Osservatorio Etneo, Sezione di Catania
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-98
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Soil CO2 ; Soil temperature ; Hidden faults ; Structural framework ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Hazardous gas emissions from the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano (Rome, Italy) (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-03
    Description: Gas hazard was evaluated in the three most important cold gas emission zones on the flanks of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano. These zones are located above structural highs of the buried carbonate basement which represents the main regional aquifer and the main reservoir for gas rising from depth. All extensional faults affecting the limestone reservoir represent leaking pathways along which gas rises to the surface and locally accumulates in shallow permeable horizons forming pressurized pockets that may produce gas blowout when reached by wells. The gas, mainly composed by CO2 (〉90 vol.%), contains appreciable quantities of H2S (0.35-6 vol.%), and both represent a potentially high local hazard. Both gases are denser than air and accumulate near ground where they may reach hazardous concentrations, and actually lethal accidents frequently occur to animals watering at local ponds. In order to evaluate the rate of degassing and the related hazard, CO2 and H2S diffuse soil flux surveys have been repeatedly carried out by accumulation chamber. The viscous gas flux of some important discrete emissions has been also evaluated and the CO2 and H2S air concentration measured by portable devises and by Tunable Diode Laser profiles. The minimum potential lethal concentration of the two gases (250 ppm for H2S and 8 vol.% for CO2) is 320 times higher for CO2, whereas the CO2/H2S concentration ratio in the emitted natural gas is significantly lower (15-159). This explains why H2S reaches hazardous, even lethal, concentrations more frequently than CO2. A relevant hazard exists for both gases in the depressed zones (channels, excavations) particularly in the non-windy early hours of the day.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: gas hazard ; hydrogen sulfide ; carbon dioxide ; Colli Albani volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Contribution of CO2 and H2S emitted to the atmosphere by plume and diffuse degassing from volcanoes: the Etna volcano case study (2015)
    Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-20
    Description: Active subaerial volcanoes often discharge large amounts of CO2 and H2S to the atmosphere, not only during eruptions but also during periods of quiescence. These gases are discharged through focused (plumes, fumaroles, etc.) and diffuse emissions. Several studies have been carried out to estimate the global contribution of CO2 and H2S emitted to the atmosphere by subaerial volcanism, but additional volcanic degassing studies will help to improve the current estimates of bothCO2 andH2S discharges. In October 2008, a wide-scale survey was carried out at Mt. Etna volcano, one the world’s most actively degassing volcanoes on Earth, for the assessment of the total budget of volcanic/hydrothermal discharges of CO2 and H2S, both from plume and diffuse emissions. Surface CO2 and H2S effluxes were measured by means of the accumulation chamber method at 4075 sites, covering an area of about 972.5 km2. Concurrently, plume SO2 emission at Mt. Etna was remotely measured by a car-borne Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry (DOAS) instrument. Crater emissions of H2O, CO2 and H2S were estimated by multiplying the plume SO2 emission times the H2O/SO2, CO2/SO2 and H2S/SO2 gas plume mass ratios measured in situ using a portable multisensor. The total output of diffuse CO2 emission from Mt. Etna was estimated to be 20,000 ± 400 t day-1 with 4520 t day-1 of deep-seated CO2. Diffuse H2S output was estimated to be 400 ± 20 kg day-1, covering an area of 9.1 km2 around the summit craters of the volcano. Diffuse H2S emission on the volcano flanks was either negligible or null, probably due to scrubbing of this gas before reaching the surface. During this study, the average crater SO2 emission rate was *2100 t day-1. Based on measured SO2 emission rates, the estimated H2O, CO2 and H2S emission rates from Etna’s crater degassing were 220,000 ± 100,000, 35,000 ± 16,000 and 510 ± 240 t day-1, respectively. These high values are explained in terms of intense volcanic activity at the time of this survey. The diffuse/plume CO2 emission mass ratio at Mt. Etna was *0.57, that is typical of erupting volcanoes (mass ratio\1). The average CO2/SO2 molar ratio measured in the plume was 11.5, which is typical of magmatic degassing at great depth beneath the volcano, and the CO2/H2S mass ratio in total diffuse gas emissions was much higher (*11,000) than in plume gas emissions (*68). These results will provide important implications for estimates of volcanic total carbon and sulfur budget from subaerial volcanoes.
    Description: project CGL2005-07509/CLI, Ministry of Education and Science of Spain
    Description: Published
    Description: 327-349
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Carbon dioxide ; Hydrogen sulfide ; Gas budget ; Diffuse degassing ; Crater degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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