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  • 1
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    Evidence of Possible Enhanced Peat Burning by Deep-Origin Methane in the Po River Delta Plain (Italy) (2008)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: A burning peat site in the Po Valley (Italy) has been investigated for the first time. Beyond the smoke from the smoldering combustion of peat, there are carbonatic concretions and huge amounts of methane in the soil (〉60% by vol.), leading to fluxes to the atmosphere of the order of 10 to the power of 2/10 to the power of 3 mg m to the power of -2 d to the power of -1. A wide range of analyses (gas composition, stable isotopes of CH4 and CaCO3, methane radiocarbon) were performed in order to understand whether methane is produced by peat layers or seeps from deeper natural gas reservoirs. The quasi-fossil character of CH4, methane-derived carbonates, methane-stable isotopic compositions related to marine carbonates reduction, the presence of helium, and a fault corresponding to the burning site all converge to indicate that the major part of the methane ascends from deep horizons. Such methane seepage is likely to feed the peat combustion, explaining the observed phenomena and the large outbursts of historical gas-emission events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 401-413
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; seep ; peat ; gas flux ; Po plain ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe’s terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance (2010)
    Macmillan Publishers Limited
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: Climate change negotiations aim to reduce net greenhouse-gas emissions by encouraging direct reductions of emissions and crediting countries for their terrestrial greenhouse-gas sinks. Ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake has offset nearly 10% of Europe’s fossil fuel emissions, but not all of this may be creditable under the rules of the Kyoto Protocol. Although this treaty recognizes the importance of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, scientific research has largely focused on carbon dioxide. Here we review recent estimates of European carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes between 2000 and 2005, using both top-down estimates based on atmospheric observations and bottom-up estimates derived from ground-based measurements. Both methods yield similar fluxes of greenhouse gases, suggesting that methane emissions from feedstock and nitrous oxide emissions from arable agriculture are fully compensated for by the carbon dioxide sink provided by forests and grasslands. As a result, the balance for all greenhouse gases across Europe’s terrestrial biosphere is near neutral, despite carbon sequestration in forests and grasslands. The trend towards more intensive agriculture and logging is likely to make Europe’s land surface a significant source of greenhouse gases. The development of land management policies which aim to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions should be a priority.
    Description: Published
    Description: 842-850
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: carbon budget ; carbon dioxide ; methane ; greenhouse gas emission ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Methane in serpentinized ultramafic rocks in mainland Portugal (2015)
    Elsevier Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-09
    Description: We report a new case of methane (CH4) of apparent abiotic origin in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks. Multiple analytical techniques, on-site and in the laboratory, revealed methane and ethane degassing from hyperalkaline (pH 〉 11) Ca2þ eOH mineral waters in boreholes drilled in the Alter-do- Chão igneous intrusion, at Cabeço de Vide, in mainland Portugal. The C and H isotopic composition of CH4 (d13C w 20&; d2H: 283&) suggests a dominant abiotic origin, although minor thermogenic contributions cannot be excluded. Similarly, low methane-to-ethane ratios suggest a predominantly nonmicrobial source, consistent with previous microbiological data showing the lack of methanogenic archaea in these waters. Heavier hydrocarbons, CO2 and H2 are below detection limits. This case study confirms that CH4 from serpentinized ultramafic rocks can be transported by hyperalkaline fluids linked to deep circulation of meteoric waters. Maximum depth of Cabeço de Vide serpentinized rocks is less than 1 km, and present temperatures are likely lower than 50 C. Serpentinization and related gas formation may have occurred at any time during thermal evolution of the igneous intrusion, so gas formation temperature cannot be easily determined. This case is an opportunity to test thermometry provided by CH4 isotopologue analyses. The existence of methane in continental serpentinized igneous rocks is more widespread than previously thought and petroleum systems with similar serpentinized ultramafics in reservoir rocks may have traces of the observed 13C-enriched CH4
    Description: Published
    Description: 12-16
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Abiotic methane, serpentinization ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    GLOGOS, A New Global Onshore Gas-Oil Seeps Dataset (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Petroleum seeps have historically been important drivers of global petroleum exploration. Still today they can serve as direct indicators of gas and/or oil subsurface accumulations. In particular the assessment of the origin of seeping gas is a key task for understanding, without drilling, the subsurface hydrocarbon potential, genesis and quality; e.g., the presence of shallow microbial gas, deeper thermogenic accumulations, the presence of oil and non-hydrocarbon undesirable gases (CO2, N2, H2S). Seeps are then indicators of tectonic discontinuities (faults) and fractured rocks; they can also represent geo-hazards and sources of greenhouse gas (methane) and photochemical pollutants (ethane and propane). A new global dataset of onshore gas and oil seeps (GLOGOS) is here presented. GLOGOS includes more than 1150 seeps from 84 countries (version August 2009), and it is continuously updated and expanded. The dataset includes geographical and gas-geochemical data (molecular and isotopic composition of the main gases). Many seeps are recently discovered or never reported in other databases. Seeps are catalogued by country and classified in three types: gas seeps, oil seeps and mud volcanoes. All seeps have a bibliographic or www reference. GLOGOS is a unique tool for hydrocarbon exploration, assessment of Total Petroleum Systems and geo- structural studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article #70071
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: METHANE ; SEEPAGE ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Natural seepage of shale gas and the origin of “eternal flames” in the Northern Appalachian Basin, USA (2015)
    Elsevier Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-22
    Description: Natural hydrocarbon gas seeps are surface expressions of Petroleum Seepage Systems, whereby gas is ascending through faults from pressurized reservoirs that are typically associated with sandstones or limestones. A spectacular “eternal flame” in western New York State marks a gas macroseep of dominantly thermogenic origin emanating directly from deep shale source rocks, which makes this a rare case in contrast to most Petroleum Seepage Systems where gas derives from conventional reservoirs. The main flaming seep releases about 1 kg of methane per day and may feature the highest ethane and propane (C2 þ C3) concentration ever reported for a natural gas seep (w35 vol. %). The same gas is also released to the atmosphere through nearby invisible and diffuse seepages from the ground. The synopsis of our data with available gas-geochemical data of reservoir gases in the region and the stratigraphy of underlying shales suggests that the thermogenic gas originates from Upper Devonian shales without intermediation of a conventional reservoir. A similar investigation on a second “eternal flame” in Pennsylvania suggests that gas is migrating from a conventional sandstone pool and that the seep is probably not natural but results from an undocumented and abandoned gas or oil well. The large flux of the emitted shale gas in New York State implies the existence of a pressurized gas pool at depth. Tectonically fractured shales seem to express “naturally fracked” characteristics and may provide convenient targets for hydrocarbon exploration. Gas production from “tectonically fracked” systems might not require extensive artificial fracking.
    Description: Published
    Description: 178-186
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: gas seep, methane, shale-gas, hydrocarbons ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Methane emission from the mud volcanoes of Sicily (Italy) (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mud volcanoes represent the largest expression of natural methane release into the atmosphere; however, the gas flux has never been investigated in detail. Methane output from vents and diffuse soil degassing is herewith reported for the first time. Measurements were carried out at 5 mud volcano fields around Sicily (Italy). Each mud volcano is characterized by tens of vents and bubbling pools. In the quiescent phase, methane emission from single vents ranges between 0.01 and 6.8 kg/day. Diffuse soil leakage around the vents is in the order of 102–104 mg m 2 d 1. An exceptional flux of 106 mg m 2 d 1 was recorded close to an everlasting fire. Soil CH4 flux is positive even at large distances from the mud volcano fields suggesting a diffuse microseepage over wider areas. A total of at least 400 tons CH4 per year can be estimated over the area investigated alone ( 1.5 km2).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: methane ; flux measurements ; Sicily ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 503 bytes
    Format: 151114 bytes
    Format: text/html
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Terrestrial methane seeps and mud volcanoes: A global perspective of gas origin (2009)
    Elsevier Ltd.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A global database of gas composition and methane stable isotopes of 143 terrestrial mud volcanoes from 12 countries and 60 seeps independent from mud volcanism from eight countries, was compiled and examined in order to provide the first worldwide statistics on the origin of methane seeping at the earth’s surface. Sixteen seep data were coupled with their associated subsurface reservoirs. The surface seepage data indicate that at least 76% of the mud volcanoes release thermogenic gas, with only 4% biogenic and 20% with mixed character. The average (201 data) of methane concentration and methane carbon isotope ratios (δ to the power of 13 C1) of mud volcanoes are 90% v/v and -46.4‰, respectively. The other types of seeps, which are independent from mud volcanism, have an average δ to the power of 13 C1 value that is slightly higher (-42.9‰). Gases from mud volcanoes are generally lighter (more methane, less ethane and propane) than their associated reservoir gases, suggesting a molecular fractionation during advective fluid migration. Other types of seeps, especially "dry" seeps, maintain the reservoir C1/(C2 + C3) "Bernard" ratio. Mud volcanoes behave like a "natural refinery" and the origin of gas more isotopically enriched than -50% and with C1/(C2 + C3) 〉500 should be attributed to a thermogenic source, rather than partial oxidation of biogenic gas. Some data that appear biogenic in the "Bernard diagram" can be explained by molecular fractionation of mixed gas. Consequently, the "Bernard" parameter may be misleading when applied to mud volcanoes since it does not always reflect the original gas composition. The mechanisms of the molecular advective segregation should be studied quantitatively by specific models and experiments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 333-344
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mud volcanoes ; Seeps ; Methane ; Isotopes ; Organic geochemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Earth's Degassing: A Missing Ethane and Propane Source (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: Current emission inventories require an additional "unknown" source to balance the global atmospheric budgets of ethane (C2H6). Here, we provide evidence that a substantial part of the missing source can be attributed to natural gas seepage from petroliferous, geothermal, and volcanic areas. Such geologic sources also inject propane (C3H8) into the atmosphere. The analysis of a large data set of methane (CH4), ethane, and propane concentrations in surface gas emissions of 238 sites from different geographic and geologic areas, coupled with published estimates of geomethane emissions, suggests that Earth's degassing accounts for at least 17% and 10% of total ethane and propane emissions, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 478
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ethane ; Propane ; Geologic emissions ; Seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Shallow seep-related seafloor features along the Malta plateau (Sicily channel – Mediterranean Sea): Morphologies and geo-environmental control of their distribution (2009)
    Elsevier Ltd.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Between 140 and 170 m water depth, more than 100 small-scale domes and peculiar ridges were mapped a few miles offshore of south-eastern Sicily along the Malta plateau (eastern Mediterranean Sea), Swath bathymetric data along with a dense grid of side scan sonar and seismic profiles were acquired in an area extending over 100 km2. Gravity cores, water samples and video observations were also collected at selected sites. Mapped domes were found from 50 to 200 m wide and no more than 5 m high occurring on the seafloor, isolated or arranged in clusters. Ridges consisted of large tabular sub-elongated structures, elevated from 5 to 10 m from the surrounding seafloor, and had flat tops on which numerous closeset, small cones occurred, appearing in video observation as carbonate buildings strongly colonized by gorgonians. Characteristic acoustic signatures (i.e. blank areas and/or turbidity zones and enhanced reflections in seismic records), measured gas anomalies in seawater samples and detected plumes on echosounder profiles suggest that both the domes and ridges are influenced by active seeps. In addition, their spatial distribution reflected patterns of tectonic lineaments produced by the late Miocene to present-day geo-dynamic evolution of the Malta plateau, which is also an important hydrocarbon province. Results from gravity cores suggest that mud extrusion seems to be the main process responsible for the origin of the domes, which are formed by gray mud with only a few centimeters of biogenic sand at the top, indicating that recent bioclastic material is not a major contributor to mound building. However, at present, active degassing appears to be the main process that controls the morphological and sedimentological expression of both the domes and ridges. Therefore, a quiescent or intermittent active stage for mud extrusion is considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1831-1848
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane seeps ; Mud extrusion ; Seismic ; Backscattering ; Seafloor morphology ; Malta plateau ; Sicily channel ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 10
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    Did geologic emissions of methane play any role in Quaternary climate change? (2007)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The “methane-led hypotheses” assume that gas hydrates and marine seeps are the sole geologic factors controlling Quaternary atmospheric and climate changes. Nevertheless, a wider class of geologic sources of methane exist which could have played a role in past climate changes. Beyond offshore seepage, relevant geologic emissions of methane (GEM) are from onshore seepage, including mud volcanism, microseepage and geothermal flux; altogether GEM are the second most important natural source of atmospheric methane at present. The amount of methane entering the atmosphere from onshore GEM seems to prevail on that from offshore seepage. Onshore sources inject a predominantly isotopically heavy (13C-enriched) methane into the atmosphere. They are controlled mainly by endogenic (geodynamic) processes, which induce large-scale gas flow variations over geologic and millennial time scales, and only partially by exogenic (surface) conditions, so that they are not affected by negative feedbacks. The eventual influence on atmospheric methane concentration does not necessarily require catastrophic or abrupt releases, as proposed for the “clathrate gun hypothesis”. Enhanced degassing from these sources could have contributed to the methane trends observed in the ice core records, and could explain the late Quaternary peaks of increased methane concentrations accompanied by the enrichment of isotopically heavy methane, as recently observed. This hypothesis shall be tested by means of robust multidisciplinary studies, mainly based on a series of atmospheric, biologic and geologic proxies.
    Description: Published
    Description: On line First
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; climate change ; seepage ; Quaternary ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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