ALBERT

Description: Dopo un breve richiamo all’abbassamento del suolo di Venezia, il lavoro illustra gli studi più recenti sulla subsidenza del comprensorio lagunare dove agiscono diversi fattori valutabili su scala regionale. E’noto che alla perdita altimetrica totale avvenuta a Venezia nel secolo scorso (ca 23 cm) hanno contribuito, con diversa incidenza, la subsidenza geologica, la subsidenza indotta dai pompaggi di acque artesiane e l’innalzamento del livello del mare. Nell’ultimo decennio si sono approfonditi ed ampliati gli studi del processo subsidenziale riguardo alle sue cause quali: a) le componenti naturali a breve ed a lungo termine, ovvero la consolidazione dei depositi recenti e la neotettonica; b) l’eustatismo; c) l’influenza di potenziali sfruttamenti dei giacimenti gassiferi offshore; e d) la subsidenza geochimica dovuta all’ossidazione dei suoli organici ed alla salinizzazione dei terreni argillosi che interessa in modo particolare il bacino scolante meridionale, incidendo sull’abbassamento del suolo con tassi che raggiungono anche 2 cm/anno. Per l’analisi delle cause della subsidenza, per le conseguenze sull’ambiente e per gli sviluppi metodologici, la ricerca si è ampliata a livello regionale, dapprima verso il comprensorio meridionale Veneziano-Padovano, dove, per le caratteristiche geomorfologiche del territorio largamente bonificato ed in buona parte oggi sotto il livello del mare, la subsidenza in atto induce un serio impatto ambientale e socio-economico. In seguito gli studi hanno interessato le aree nord-orientali della Provincia di Venezia, dove il confronto spazio-temporale dei rilievi altimetrici 2000/1993 aveva evidenziato, tra l’altro, un aumento dei tassi di subsidenza nei settori litorali a vocazione turistica di Cavallino-Jesolo-Caorle (ca 4 mm/anno). Si presentano infine i risultati di un metodo originale di monitoraggio integrato, elaborato per ottimizzare le informazioni derivanti dalle livellazioni, GPS, Interferometria SAR convenzionale e su riflettori permanerti, in grado di fornire mappe sinottiche dei movimenti del suolo su scala regionale ad alta risoluzione spaziale (pixel 20 × 20m) e precisione verticale millimetrica.

Description: Published

Description: Piacenza, Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: The scope of the project “VENEZIA - Subsidence monitoring service in the Lagoon of Venice for regional administrative and water authorities” was to define and implement a land subsidence monitoring service in the Lagoon of Venice for regional and administrative authorities. In order to provide the best knowledge of the land subsidence process around the Lagoon of Venice, SAR-based monitoring techniques (differential SAR interferometry and interferometric point target analysis) were integrated with levelling and GPS surveys into an overall information system. Land subsidence due to natural and anthropogenic causes has represented one of the most serious environmental problems for the Lagoon of Venice and its catchment (Tosi et al., 2002, Carbognin and Tosi, 2003, Carbognin et al., in press). Land subsidence has increased the vulnerability and the geological hazard (i.e. river flooding, riverbank stability, intrusion of seawater in the aquifer system, deteriorating of the littoral sectors with a general coastline regression and an increment of the sea bottom slope close to the shoreline) of these areas, a large portion of which lies below the mean sea level. After the regulation of groundwater exploitation from the Venetian aquifer-aquitard system, a remarkable slowing down of the induced subsidence in Marghera (industrial zone), in the historical center of Venice and along the littorals was ascertained in the 1970’s. Recent studies (Carbognin and Tosi, 2003) have shown that land subsidence is still in progress in the southern and northern coastal areas and in the nearby mainland, where groundwater is extracted from artesian wells, thicker and more compressible Holocene sediments are present, and organic soil oxidation takes place in reclaimed areas. Until 1999, levelling of the Venice region was carried out only along the coast and the lagoon edges and the monitoring network was composed by benchmarks along single levelling lines; a fine grid network was established only in the city of Venice. In recent years, the levelling network has been updated to cover all the southern part of the Lagoon, and plans exist to cover also the northern sector. The same network used for the levelling surveys is also considered for differential GPS measurements. In addition to these ground-based methods, differential SAR interferometry using long series of SAR data (Wegmüller and Strozzi, 1998; Strozzi et al, 2001) and interferometric point target analysis (IPTA) (Wegmüller et al., 2003, Werner et al., 2003) have emerged as very promising tools for the monitoring of land subsidence at high spatial resolution. The VENEZIA project was organized along a service definition phase, a service implementation phase and a service quality assessment phase. Important elements of the project were the definition, implementation and validation of the service for interferometric point target analysis and the integration of the SAR-based monitoring techniques with levelling and GPS surveys into an overall information system capable to provide the best knowledge of the subsidence process to the authorities that manage the Po Plain area around the Lagoon of Venice.

Description: Gamma Remote Sensing; Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ESA-ESRIN

Description: Published

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: Geomorpholgical variations have been naturally occurring in the Lagoon of Venice since its formation. In recent times, however, complex morphodynamic changes, caused by natural processes and by the direct or indirect impact of man activities have been recognised. Moreover, there remains a lack of knowledge concerning sediment erosion, re-suspension, transport and sedimentation, sea-lagoon balance and the role played by the hydrodynamics. A detailed study of the Scanello salt marsh area, in the Northern part of the Venice Lagoon, was carried out, in order to better understand the erosion-transport-sedimentation processes and the hydrodynamics interaction. Understanding the role that the hydrodynamics plays in the erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments in this test area, is essential to the understanding the morphological variations, that are presently occurring in the Venice Lagoon and morphological and environmental restorations required. A 2D hydrodynamic finite element model was used to provide the circulation field of the entire Venice basin. Results obtained by different simulations allowed the investigation of the main hydrodynamic features of the Scanello area.

Description: Published

Description: Venice, Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: The Venetian lagoon coastline is constituted by a narrow strip of land, the wholeness of which is vital for the existence of the historical city of Venice and the lagoon itself. Two processes have threatened the littoral zone: the erosive action of the sea and the land subsidence. Because of its particular setting, the fretful state of the littoral zone, is revealed by the negative evolution of the near-shore bottom slope. Five bathymetric surveys carried out in 1954, 1968, 1982, 1988 and 1992 are compared and the phenomenon of land subsidence is then analyzed. Although the latter is not the primary cause of the increase in the bottom slope that has occurred, a certain correlation exists between the two processes. One may say that even a few centimeters of ground surface lowering may actually contribute to the destabilization of the littoral zone. Defense works are being undertaken.

Description: UNESCO and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences

Description: Published

Description: The Hague, The Netherlands

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: Le livellazioni geometriche sono state nel secolo scorso l’unico metodo di rilievo altimetrico che abbia consentito di misurare con precisione l'entità della subsidenza “moderna” dell’area costiera nord adriatica. Solo alla fine degli anni 1990 è stata istallata una rete per misure GPS in differenziale (DGPS) e in continuo (CGPS). Nell’ultimo decennio inoltre, l'utilizzo del radar ad apertura sintetica (SAR) su vettori satellitari ha consentito lo sviluppo e l’affinamento dell’analisi interferometrica differenziale (InSAR) e dell’analisi interferometrica su riflettori persistenti (IPTA) che si sono dimostrati di estrema efficacia per lo studio dei movimenti verticali del suolo. Nel caso della pianura costiera Veneta, sono stati utilizzati i satelliti ERS-1/2 ed ENVISAT dell’Agenzia Spaziale Europea, rispettivamente per il periodo 1992-2005 e 2003-2009, ed il satellite TerraSAR-X dell’Agenzia Spaziale Tedesca, per il biennio 2008-2009. Oggi si dispone di una densità di dati SAR che, data la risoluzione spaziale dei satelliti tra 20 e 3 m, è maggiore di circa 2 ordini di grandezza nelle l’analisi a scala regionale e più di 3 ordini per analisi locali rispetto alle misure tradizionali su capisaldi. Ciò ha permesso la mappatura dei movimenti del suolo a scala “regionale” (100×100 km2), locale (10×10 km2) e puntale al livello di singole strutture. Le serie di dati SAR sono stati calibrati e validati con le misure altimetriche di livellazione, DGPS e CGPS nella rete di monitoraggio ISES-IRMA. Grazie all’elevata densità di informazioni, all’ottima risoluzione spaziale e accuratezza verticale millimetrica del monitoraggio SAR è emersa una dinamica verticali del territorio costiero Veneto diversa da quanto ottenibile utilizzando le sole tecniche di livellazione tradizionale. L’immagine attuale indica che il processo subsidenziale si esplica con una forte variabilità spaziale, sia a scala regionale che locale. L’analisi integrata dei dati altimetrici e delle numerose nuove informazioni sul sottosuolo, recentemente acquisite nell’ambito di una serie di ricerche condotte dagli Autori, ha permesso la caratterizzazione delle componenti dei movimenti verticali del suolo della pianura costiera Veneta in funzione della profondità alla quale agiscono e la loro distribuzione areale.

Description: Published

Description: PALAZZO LOREDAN, 5-6 NOVEMBRE 2009, VENEZIA, Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: The investigated area is the catchment located south of the Venice Lagoon, where multidisciplinary studies (ISES Project, Co.Ri.La. 3.10 Project)1 provided evidence of a phreatic aquifer contamination due to saltwater intrusion from the sea and the lagoon. The ground elevation of the territory, generally below the mean sea level up to -4 m, enhances the process especially in those sectors where land subsidence, mainly due to peat soil oxidation in close connection with the agricultural practices, is responsible for a subsidence rate varying between 1.5 and 2 cm/yr (Gambolati et al., 2005).

Description: Published

Description: Barcelona (Spain)

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: Dopo aver inquadrato il processo della subsidenza che dagli inizi degli anni cinquanta ha interessato in modo particolare il territorio e la città di Venezia per le intensive estrazioni di acque sotterranee, viene effettuata un'analisi di dettaglio dell'attuale situazione altimetrica del comprensorio lagunare. Lo studio si basa sostanzialmente sulla interpretazione delle altimetrie 1993 confrontate a quelle del 1973 risultanti dalle due rispettive livellazioni di alta-altissima precisione condotte dal C. N. R., I.S.D.G.M. Questi rilievi, partendo da capisaldi stabili di terraferma (nei pressi della pedemontana) arrivano a Mestre, quotano la superficie della città storica con particolare dettaglio, i capisaldi lungo le linee circumlagunari e l'intero cordone litoraneo, chiudendo l'anello attorno alla laguna. L'analisi relativa all'arco di tempo ventennale ha permesso di confermare la stabilità del territorio accertata definitivamente nel 1975 nella zona industriale e nel centro storico dopo la diversificazione degli approvvigionamenti idrici, di definire con precisione l'andamento della subsidenza naturale, ove l'incidenza antropica è assente, e le aree più fragili del territorio quali quelle litoranee. An overview of the land subsidence occurred in the city of Venice and its hinterland in the past decades is first presented. In particular the responsibility of groundwater withdrawals in the sinking process is briefly de-scribed. Man-induced subsidence averaged about 14 cm in the industrial area of Porto Marghera, the center of groundwater pumping, and 10 cm in the city of Venice, from 1952 to 1969. Starting in 1970 a general piezometric improvement began, because of the regulation and diversification of the water supply in the Venetian area and the shutdown 01 many artesian wells. In Marghera in 1975 only 170 l/sec were withdrawn against the 500 l/sec in 1969. Concurrently with the recovery 01 aquifers, the subsidence slowed down until it stopped and in 1975 a land rebound 01 about 2 cm was recorded in the city 01 Venice. In spite 01 this, one has to keep in mind that the subsidence is mostly irrecoverable and that its effects still remain. Again, since Venice lives on the water, its land elevation must be referred to the mean sea level. The overall loss in elevation with respect to water level can be synthesized as the result 01 three factors: subsidence due to groundwater exploitation, natural subsidence and eustatic rising 01 sea level. Their joint contribution in the «lowering» 01 the surface level 01 Venice with respect to the water level was a total of 22 cm from 1908 to 1975, a determining figure in the recurring phenomenon 01 «acqua alta» (flooding) . After reviewing the past altimetrical situation, an evaluation of the land elevation 01 the territory is then presented lor the last twenty years; a precise regional leveling was infact carried out in 1993 with the same path 01 the 1973 one. These surveys include the lines from Treviso (farther inland, the stable origin 01 the survey) to Mestre (Venice-mainland), from Mestre to the extreme part 01 the city 01 Venice and those all around the lagoon edges including the littoral strips. This 20-year period is quite significant to evaluate the present trend 01 land subsidence alter the cessation 01 the man-induced phenomenon measured first in 1973 and completely verified in 1975. In general the 1993 leveling, compared with that 01 1'973, has pointed out two different behaviors between the zones in the mainland and surroundings 01 Venice and in the city, which are decidedly stable, and the areas along the extreme edges 01 the lagoon and littoral where land sinking is still going on even il the rate 01 subsidence is much lesser than that measured during the previous critical 20- year period. In order to a have view 01 the whole area under examination, the map 01 the 1973-93 contour lines01 equal subsidence has been drawn, using the Kriging technique and comparing the height 01 the 208 bench marks distributed along the leveling lines. Reading these curves il appears even more evident the ground stability 01 the zones in the mainland, Venice and its surroundings, and the negative trend in soil elevation at the northern and southern extremities of the lagoon's edge and along the littoral. It is noted that the variations in elevation along the lines are progressively decreasing either southward or northward going towards the littorals. Concerning the littoral strips, one has to bear in mind that these areas are those 01 more recent deformation with respect to the others and that they are close to the rivers' outflows, so the natural compaction 01 recent deposits is more active here than elsewhere and the rate 01 natural subsidence is greater. An ideal line 01 demarcation between the two above mentioned stable and subsiding lagoon sectors can be outlined. Particular attention has been devoted to the altimetrical situation 01 Venice because 01 its importance in the lagoon environment. The city's area (about 8 km2) is covered by a network 01 123 benchmarks, 65 01 which constitute the base for comparison since 1961. A reliable map 01 subsidence contour lines was drawn by using again the Kriging technique. The pattern 01 these lines, that are positive almost everywhere, stresses the stability 01 the historical city's ground elevation. Some 01 the curves 01 equal subsidence are closed outlining small negative «bowls». Examination 01 data indicates that very localized sinkings occur in the more recently lilied areas (Marittima-Tronchetto and S. Elena-Giardini) where one can suppose that the process 01 consolidation is still going on (even though at a very small rate), and in certain areas bordering the principal canals; the latter could be partly linked to an erosion action induced by the speed 01 water currents along the canals. By analyzing the temporal piezometric surface variations 01 the once exploited aquifers, one can confirms that presently the contribution 01 groundwater withdrawals to land subsidence doesn't exist as a general cause. Only very localized influences can be found.

Description: Published

Description: Giardini Naxos (ME), Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: SOMMARIO Il processo della subsidenza, per le estrazioni intensive di acque sotterranee che negli anni cinquanta e sessanta ha interessato il comprensorio lagunare veneziano, producendo un abbassamento irreversibile di 10-14 cm, oggi non e' piu' un problema per la città di Venezia, benché gli effetti del processo irreversibile siano permanenti. Lo studio dell'evoluzione altimetrica del comprensorio veneziano negli ultimi vent'anni ha infatti permesso di confermare la stabilità del territorio, accertata definitivamente nel 1975 nella zona industriale e nel centro storico dopo la diversificazione degli approvvigionamenti idrici, di meglio definire l'andamento della subsidenza naturale, ove l'incidenza antropica è assente, e di individuare le aree oggi più fragili del territorio. In particolare si sono evidenziate due zone a differente comportamento di subsidenza. La prima stabile (subsidenza inferiore a 0.5 mm/anno) include le aree di terraferma e quelle di gronda lagunare ad essa più prossime nonché la stessa città di Venezia; la seconda comprende le zone alle estremità lagunari Sud e Nord e i litorali, cioè quelle di più recente formazione, dove il tasso medio di subsidenza risulta compreso tra 1 e 2 mm/anno. Attualmente gli studi si sono orientati verso queste zone ed in particolare nell’area meridionale, già in precarie condizioni altimetriche e morfologiche, con il territorio spesso a quote inferiori al livello medio del mare. ABSTRACT Land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal which in the fifties and sixties induced in the Venetian territory an irrecoverable sinking of 10-14 cm, is no longer a problem today for Venice even if the negative effects will never be cancelled. Studies carried out in the last decades have allowed to confirm the ground stability which had been definitely escertained in 1975 for both the city of Venice and the industrial area; to better quantify the natural subsidence in the absence of the induced component, and to point out the frailest areas. Different behaviours in altimetrical evolution have clearly come out. A ground stability belongs to the zones in mainland, Venice and its surroundings, while a certain subsidence still occurs at the northern and southern extremities of the lagoon's edge and along the littoral where the natural compaction of recent deposits is more active than elsewhere and the rate of natural subsidence is greater, ranging between 1 and 2 mm/y. Presently the studies are mainly addressed in these areas and in particular in the southern zone where the saltwater intrusion often due to groundwater exploitation worsen the ground elevation.

Description: Published

Description: Piacenza, Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: Land subsidence is a severe geologic hazard threading the lowlying coastal areas worldwide. Monitoring land subsidence has been significantly improved over the last few years by space borne earth observation techniques based on SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Interferometry. Within the INLET Project, funded by Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia – Venice Water Authority (VWA) and Consorzio Venezia Nuova (CVN), we have used the Interferometric Point Target Analysis (IPTA) to characterize the ground displacements within the Venice Lagoon. IPTA measures the movement of backscattering objects (point targets, PT) at the ground surface which persistently reflect radar signal emitted by the SAR antenna. For this study 80 ERS-1/2 and 44 ENVISAT scenes recorded from 1992 to 2005 and from 2003 to 2007, respectively, have been processed by IPTA. High reliable land subsidence data have been detected for thousands of PT located on the lagoon margins, along the littorals, in major and small islands, and on single anthropogenic structures scattered within the lagoon. On the average, land subsidence ranges from less than 1 mm/year to 5 mm/year, with some PT that exhibit values also larger than 10 mm/year depending on both the local geologic conditions and anthropogenic activities. A network of few tens of artificial square trihedral corner reflectors (TCR) has been established before summer 2007 to monitor land subsidence in the inner lagoon areas where natural reflectors completely lack (e.g., on the salt marshes). The first interferometric results on the TCR appear very promising.

Description: Published

Description: Venice, Italy

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open

Description: AGIP, 1994. Acque dolci sotterranee, Inventario dei dati raccolti dall’Agip durante la ricerca di idrocarburi in Italia dal 1971 al 1990. Roma, Italy, Agip S.p.A., 515 pp. Beaty, R.D., Kerber J.D., 1993. Concepts, Instrumentation and Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk Benvenuti, G., Norinelli, A., Zambrano, R., 1973. Contributo alla conoscenza del sottosuolo dell’area circumlagunare veneta mediante sondaggi elettrici verticali. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata XV (57), 23-38. Benvenuti, G., Norinelli A., 1974. Studio geofisico di interfaccia acqua dolce- acqua marina nell’area circumlagunare veneta e nella zona delle sorgenti del Chidro (Taranto), Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell’Università di Padova, 1974, vol. XXXI, 1-16 Bixio, A.C., Putti, M., Tosi, L., Carbognin, L., Gambolati, G., 1998. Finite Element Modeling of Salt water Intrusion in the Venice Aquifer System. In: Computational Methods in Surface and Ground Water Transport, 2, 193-200, Burganos V.N. et al. (Eds.), Suthampton, UK. Bondesan, A., Meneghel, M., 2004. Geomorfologia della Provincia di Venezia: Note Illustrative della Carta Geomorfologica della Provincia di Venezia, Esedra Editrice Brambati, A., Carbognin, L., Quaia, T., Teatini, P., Tosi, L., 2003. The Lagoon of Venice: geological setting, evolution and land subsidence. Episodes, 26(3), 264-268. Carbognin, L., Tosi, L., 2003. Il Progetto ISES per l’analisi dei processi di intrusione salina e subsidenza nei territori meridionali delle Province di Padova e Venezia. Grafiche Erredici Padova (Italy), 95 pp. Carbognin, L., P. Teatini & L. Tosi, 2004, Eustasy and land subsidence in the Venice Lagoon at the beginning of the new millennium. Journal of Marine Systems, 51, 345-353. Carbognin L., Teatini P. & L. Tosi, 2005. Land Subsidence in the venetian area: known and recent aspects. Giornale di Geologia Applicata 1,2005, 5–11, doi: 10.1474/GGA.2005-01.0-01.0001. Carbognin, L., Teatini, P., Tomasin, A., Tosi, L., 2009. Global change and relative sea level rise at Venice: what impact in term of flooding. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0617-5. Clark I., Fritz P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, Lewis Publisher, 1997 Cozzi R., Protti P., Raro T. 1987. Analisi chimica: Moderni metodi strumentali, ESU Spa Craig H. 1961. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters, Science 133, 1702-1703 De Franco, R., Biella, G., Tosi, L., Teatini, P., Lozej, A., Chiozzotto, B., Giada, M., Rizzetto, F., Claude, C., Mayer, A., Bassan, V., Gasparetto-Stori, G., 2009. Monitoring the saltwater intrusion by time lapse electrical resistivity tomography: The Chioggia test site (Venice Lagoon, Italy). Journal of Applied Geophysics, 69, 117-130. Di Sipio E., Galgaro A., Zuppi G.M. and Zangheri P., 2005. Detecting the origin of salt water contamination in groundwater in a lagoon area by the combined use of geophysical and geochemical tools: the example of the southern Venice Lagoon mainland. Groundwater and saline intrusion. Proceedings of the 18th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain, Hidrogeología y Aguas Subterráneas Series, 15, 373-384 Di Sipio, E., Galgaro, A., Zuppi, G. M., 2006. New geophysical knowledge of groundwater systems in Venice estuarine environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 66, 6-12. Di Sipio, E., Galgaro, A., Zuppi, G. M., 2007. Contaminazione salina nei sistemi acquiferi dell’entroterra meridionale della Laguna di Venezia, Giornale di Geologia Applicata, 6, 01-08. Di Sipio, E., Galgaro, A.,Rapaglia J., Zuppi G.M., 2008. Salt water contamination on Venice Lagoon mainland: new evaluation of origin, extension and dynamics. Proceedings 1st SWIM-SWICA Int. Joint Saltwater Intrusion Conference, , Cagliari-Chia Laguna, Italy, 3ESSE Commerciale, (CA), 195-204 Galgaro, A., Finzi, E., Tosi, L., 2000, An experiment on a sand-dune environment in Southern Venetian coast based on GPR, VES and documentary evidence. Annals of Geophysics, 43(2), 289-295. Gattacceca, J. C., Vallet-Coulomb, C., Mayer, A., Claude, C., Radakovitch, O., Conchetto, E., Hamelin, B., 2009. Isotopic and geochemical characterization of salinization in the shallow aquifers of a reclaimed subsiding zone: The southern Venice Lagoon coastland. Journal of Hydrology 378 (1-2), 46-61. Gonfiantini R., Stichler W., Rozanski K., 1995. Standards and intercomparison materials distributed by the International Atomic Energy Agency for stable isotope measurements. Reference and Intercomparison Material of Stable Isotopes of Light Elements. IAEA-TECDOC-825, Vienna, 13-29 Norinelli A., 1986. Elementi di geofisica applicata, Patron Editore, Bologna Oude Essink G.H.P., 2001. Improving fresh groundwater supply problems and solutions, Ocean & Coastal Management, 44, 2001, 429-449 Rapaglia J., Di Sipio E., Bokuniewicz H., Zuppi G.M., Zaggia L., Galgaro A., Beck A., 2010. Groundwater connections under a barrier beach: a case study in the Venice Lagoon, Continental Shelf Research, 30 (2), 119-126 Reynolds J.M., 2001. An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics, John Wiley & Sons Editors Rizzetto, F., Tosi, L., Carbognin, L., Bonardi, M., Teatini, P., 2003. Geomorphological setting and related hydrogeological implications of the coastal plain south of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). In: Servat, E., et al. (eds.), Hydrology of the Mediterranean and Semiarid Regions, IAHS Publ. n. 278, Wallingford, UK. pp. 463-470. Teatini, P., Tosi, L., Strozzi, T., Carbognin, L., Wegmüller, U., Rizzetto, F., 2005. Mapping regional land displacements in the Venice coastland by an integrated monitoring system. Remote Sensing of Environment 98, 403-413. Tosi, L., Teatini, P., Carbognin, L., Brancolini, G., 2009a. Using high resolution data to reveal depth-dependent mechanisms that drive land subsidence: The Venice coast, Italy, Tectonophysics, 474(1-2), 271-284. Viezzoli, A., Tosi, L., Teatini, P., Silvestri, S., 2010. Surface water-groundwater exchange in transitional coastal environments by airborne electromagnetics: the Venice Lagoon example. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L01402. Vandenbohede A., Lebbe L., 2006. Occurrence of salt water above fresh water in dynamic equilibrium in a coastal groundwater flow system near De Panne, Belgium, Hydrogeology Journal, 14, 2006, 462-472. Zezza F., Di Sipio E., 2008. Salt Water Intrusion in The Shallow Aquifers of Venice, Proceeding of the 20th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting SWIM, Naples, Florida, USA, June 23-27, 2008, 59-62 Zezza F., 2008: Geologia, proprietà e deformazione dei terreni del centro storico di Venezia. Secondo Convegno 'La riqualificazione delle città e dei territori', Geologia e Progettazione nel centro storico di Venezia' in Quaderni IUAV n. 54 pp. 9-41. Ed. Il Poligrafo, Padova Zuppi G.M., Sacchi E. 2004. Dynamic processes in the Venice Region outlined by environmental isotopes. Isotopes in environmental and health studies, 40, 35-44

Description: Published

Description: 531-550

Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Description: open