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  • 1
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    Mechanisms of adaptation in a predator-prey arms race: TTX-resistant sodium channels (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: Populations of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis have evolved geographically variable resistance to tetrodotoxin (TTX) in a coevolutionary arms race with their toxic prey, newts of the genus Taricha. Here, we identify a physiological mechanism, the expression of TTX-resistant sodium channels in skeletal muscle, responsible for adaptive diversification in whole-animal resistance. Both individual and population differences in the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to function in the presence of TTX correlate closely with whole-animal measures of TTX resistance. Demonstration of individual variation in an essential physiological function responsible for the adaptive differences among populations is a step toward linking the selective consequences of coevolutionary interactions to geographic and phylogenetic patterns of diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geffeney, Shana -- Brodie, Edmund D Jr -- Ruben, Peter C -- Brodie, Edmund D 3rd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1336-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Colubridae/*physiology ; Drug Resistance ; Linear Models ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects/*physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/physiology ; Predatory Behavior ; *Salamandridae/metabolism ; Skin/chemistry ; Sodium Channels/*drug effects/physiology ; Tetrodotoxin/*toxicity ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    How the horned lizard got its horns (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, Kevin V -- Brodie, Edmund D Jr -- Brodie, Edmund D 3rd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Lizards/*anatomy & histology ; Male ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Songbirds
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of chronic carbamazepine treatment on haem biosynthesis in man and rat (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carbamazepine ; porphyria ; epilepsy ; haem biosynthesis ; enzyme induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine has been reported to produce a condition clinically and biochemically similar to acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). We have determined the effect of chronic carbamazepine treatment on the activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis in circulating blood cells and on the urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors in 53 epileptic patients receiving monotherapy and in 42 age- and sex-matched controls. In the patients the mean activity of leucocyte 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway, was 218% of control values (p〈0.001) and ALA-dehydratase activity was reduced by 37% (p〈0.001). Circulating carbamazepine concentrations correlated negatively with ALA dehydratase (r s=−0.45;p〈0.01). Porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase appeared unaffected by carbamazepine treatment. Significant quantitative increases in the urinary excretion of porphobilinogen and total porphyrins (bothp〈0.05) accompanied the changes in enzyme activity. Similar dose-dependent effects on ALA synthase and ALA dehydratase were shown to occur in rats treated for 5 days with 3 different doses of carbamazepine. These findings further support the porphyrinogenicity of carbamazepine, but the pattern of enzyme alteration differs from that found in AIP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558260
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled evaluation of a supplementary dose of carbamazepine on psychomotor function in epileptic patients (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1986), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carbamazepine ; epilepsy ; anticonvulants ; psychomotor function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of an additional dose of 400 mg carbamazepine (CBZ) on a series of simple psychomotor tests was investigated in 8 patients with epilepsy receiving chronic CBZ monotherapy in a balanced randomised double-blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Psychomotor testing and blood sampling for total and free CBZ and CBZ 10,11 epoxide (CBZ-E) concentrations were performed at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 h after the extra dose which was administered at 23.00 h on the previous evening. The CBZ increment produced significant impairment of (i) choice reaction recognition time from 10–16 h after the dose (ii) total choice reaction time at 12 h (iii) card sorting at 12 h (iv) sedation scoring at 12 h. No significant effect on critical flicker fusion threshold, finger tapping or simple memory testing was noted. No patient reported increased side-effects in the placebo phase while 5 noted new symptoms likely to be attributable to the additional CBZ. Areas under the concentration-time curves from 10–18 h were higher following CBZ than placebo for total and free CBZ and CBZ-E concentrations. This study has demonstrated decrements in performance of a series of simple psychomotor tests in epileptic patients receiving a supplemental CBZ dose. Patients with epilepsy who require high CBZ concentrations for optimal control of seizures may be at risk of concurrent impairment of psychomotor function. Simple objective measures of performance may help in assessing the benefit-risk ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606658
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in circulating thyroid hormones during short-term hepatic enzyme induction with carbamazepine (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carbamazepine ; thyroid hormones ; antipyrine ; enzyme induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of short-term hepatic enzyme induction with carbamazepine (CBZ) on circulating thyroid hormone concentrations was studied in 10 healthy male subjects. CBZ 400 mg per day was given for 21 days in 6 subjects and for 14 days in a further 4. In the former group the effect of therapy on the pituitary/thyroid axis was also assessed by measuring thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone. CBZ therapy resulted in induction of hepatic monooxygenase activity, evidenced by a fall in antipyrine half-life (11.1±0.7 to 7.6±0.7 h; p〈0.001), and a rise in antipyrine clearance (0.72±0.06 to 0.98±0.1 ml min−1 kg−1; p〈0.001). A significant fall in total serum thyroxine (T4) (81.9±2.9 to 75.1±2.9 nmol l−1), and triiodothyronine (T3); (1.59±0.07 to 1.37±0.05 nmol l−1) and free T4 (16.03±0.82 to 14.2±0.8 pmol l−1) was seen after CBZ therapy. (all p〈0.05). No significant change in reverse T3 or thyroid binding globulin occurred. In the 6 subjects studied for 21 days, maximal changes were found following 14 days' treatment. Basal and stimulated TSH remained unaltered. These effects on circulating thyroid hormone concentrations are likely to be secondary to hepatic enzyme induction leading to accelerated nondeiodinative hepatic hormone disposal. The reason for the failure of pituitary TSH secretion to rise in response to the fall in circulating T4 and T3 is unclear but may have implications for chronic treatment with CBZ in epileptic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542140
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of carbamazepine on psychomotor performance in näive subjects (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 30 (1986), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carbamazepine ; psychomotor function ; anticonvulsants ; epilepsy ; healthy subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a single dose of carbamazepine (CBZ), 10 mg kg−1, on a battery of simple psychomotor tests was investigated in 12 healthy subjects (6 male, 6 female) in a balanced randomised double blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Psychomotor testing and blood sampling for total and free plasma CBZ, and CBZ 10, 11 epoxide concentration were performed at 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 34 h after oral dosing (23.00 h the previous evening). CBZ impaired i) critical flicker fusion threshold frequency at all time points up to 18 h (p〈0.005); ii) total choice reaction time at 10 h (p〈0.005) and 18 h (p〈0.008); iii) card sorting at 14 h (p〈0.001). No significant effect on finger tapping was noted. Subjects adjudged themselves more sedated on CBZ as compared to placebo at 12, 14 and 16 h (p〈0.008). Plasma total and free CBZ concentrations (mean ± SD) peaked at 10 h (8.8±0.2 mg l−1) and 16 h (1.88±0.3 mg l−1) after dosing respectively. CBZ 10, 11 epoxide values were all less than 10% of total CBZ concentrations and, therefore, were unlikely to contribute to the pharmacodynamic effect. Total choice reaction time was significantly more impaired in females (p〈0.05) but no sex difference occurred with the other tests or CBZ concentrations at any time point. No significant correlations were found between individual total or free CBZ concentrations and corresponding test performances at each time point. This study has demonstrated impairment of psychomotor function following CBZ in healthy subjects using a series of simply performed tests. This approach can now be applied to patients with epilepsy receiving long-term treatment with CBZ and other anticonvulsants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614193
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  • 7
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    Parent-offspring coadaptation and the dual genetic control of maternal care (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: In many animal species, the amount of care provided by parents is determined through a complex interaction of offspring signals and responses by parents to those signals. As predicted by honest signaling theory, we show that in the burrower bug, Sehirus cinctus, maternal provisioning responds to experimental manipulations of offspring condition. Despite this predicted environmental influence, we find evidence from two cross-foster experiments that variation in maternal care also stems from two distinct genetic sources: variation among offspring in their ability to elicit care and variation among parents in their response to offspring signals. Furthermore, as predicted by maternal-offspring coadaptation theory, offspring signaling is negatively genetically correlated with maternal provisioning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agrawal, A F -- Brodie, E D 3rd -- Brown, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1710-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-3700, USA. aagrawal@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cues ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemiptera/*genetics/*physiology ; *Maternal Behavior ; Phenotype
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Galactose oxidation in the design of immunogenic vaccines (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-12
    Description: Potent immunological adjuvants are urgently required to complement recombinant and synthetic vaccines. However, it has not been possible to derive new principles for the design of vaccine adjuvants from knowledge of the mechanism of immunogenicity. Carbonyl-amino condensations, which are essential to the inductive interaction between antigen-presenting cells and T helper cells, were tested as a target for the enhancement of immune responses. Enzymic oxidation of cell-surface galactose to increase aminereactive carbonyl groups on murine lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells provided a potent, noninflammatory method of enhancing the immunogenicity of viral, bacterial, and protozoal subunit vaccines in mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, B -- Brett, S J -- Tite, J P -- Lifely, M R -- Brodie, T A -- Rhodes, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 12;256(5063):1560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1598588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Galactose/*metabolism ; Galactose Oxidase/*administration & dosage ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Neuraminidase/administration & dosage ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptides/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Vaccination/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Biodiversity. Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mendelson, Joseph R 3rd -- Lips, Karen R -- Gagliardo, Ronald W -- Rabb, George B -- Collins, James P -- Diffendorfer, James E -- Daszak, Peter -- Ibanez D, Roberto -- Zippel, Kevin C -- Lawson, Dwight P -- Wright, Kevin M -- Stuart, Simon N -- Gascon, Claude -- da Silva, Helio R -- Burrowes, Patricia A -- Joglar, Rafael L -- La Marca, Enrique -- Lotters, Stefan -- du Preez, Louis H -- Weldon, Che -- Hyatt, Alex -- Rodriguez-Mahecha, Jose Vicente -- Hunt, Susan -- Robertson, Helen -- Lock, Brad -- Raxworthy, Christopher J -- Frost, Darrel R -- Lacy, Robert C -- Alford, Ross A -- Campbell, Jonathan A -- Parra-Olea, Gabriela -- Bolanos, Federico -- Domingo, Jose Joaquin Calvo -- Halliday, Tim -- Murphy, James B -- Wake, Marvalee H -- Coloma, Luis A -- Kuzmin, Sergius L -- Price, Mark Stanley -- Howell, Kim M -- Lau, Michael -- Pethiyagoda, Rohan -- Boone, Michelle -- Lannoo, Michael J -- Blaustein, Andrew R -- Dobson, Andy -- Griffiths, Richard A -- Crump, Martha L -- Wake, David B -- Brodie, Edmund D Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):48.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA. jmendelson@zooatlanta.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amphibians ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Chytridiomycota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; *International Agencies ; International Cooperation ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Bushmeat hunting as climate threat (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brodie, Jedediah F -- Gibbs, Holly K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Oct 16;326(5951):364-5. doi: 10.1126/science.326_364b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59802, USA. jedediah.brodie@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; *Climatic Processes ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Meat ; Population Dynamics ; *Tropical Climate ; *Vertebrates
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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