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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Cytokines are inflammatory mediators important in responding to pathogens and other foreign challenges. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are two cytokines produced by T helper type 2 cells, mast cells, and basophils. In addition to their physiological roles, these cytokines are also implicated in pathological conditions such as asthma and allergy. IL-4 can stimulate two receptors, type I and type II, whereas IL-13 signaling is mediated only by the type II receptor (see the STKE Connections Maps). These cytokines activate the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling cascades, which may contribute to allergic responses. In addition, stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway through recruitment of members of the insulin receptor substrate family may contribute to survival and proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kelly-Welch, Ann E -- Hanson, Erica M -- Boothby, Mark R -- Keegan, Achsah D -- AI38985/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45662/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI49460/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM42550/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL61752/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1527-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, and the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791978" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Asthma/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity/immunology/metabolism ; Interleukin-13/*metabolism ; Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit ; Interleukin-4/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-13 ; Receptors, Interleukin-4/chemistry/metabolism ; STAT6 Transcription Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The analysis of unique coverage of the north pole of Venus using a subset of 13 images from a total of about 775 synthetic aperture radar orbits during cycle 1 of the Magellan mission is reported. Images at 13 distinctly different azimuths are reported that range over 360 deg in longitude and that show the topographic relief at vastly different imaging geometries at intervals of about 20 deg. A pair of intersecting or crossing orbits is used to assess the topographic relief with stereo radargrammetric techniques, and to refine this assessment using a multiimage clinometric approach. It is shown that the pole is located in accentuated topography with elevation differences in the range of no more than 1 km. It is concluded that pinpointing the location of the pole from the overlapping images and standard mission data is accurate to within about 100 pixels or 8 km (RMS).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E8, A; 13
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Presented are results of some studies to develop tools useful for the analysis of Venus surface shape and its roughness. Actual work was focused on Maxwell Montes. The analyses employ data acquired by means of NASA's Magellan satellite. The work is primarily concerned with deriving measurements of the Venusian surface using Magellan stereo SAR. Roughness was considered by means of a theoretical analyses based on digital elevation models (DEM's), on single Magellan radar images combined with radiometer data, and on the use of multiple overlapping Magellan radar images from cycles 1, 2, and 3, again combined with collateral radiometer data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA-CR-196821 , NAS 1.26:196821 , VDAP-R1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The second global radar image coverage of Venus by Magellan included a 1 day experiment to produce a set of eight images along orbits that combined with the original nominal imagery into stereo image pairs suited for visual stereo interpretation and mapping of topographic elevations. Initial analysis shows excellent stereo radar data with good vertical exaggeration of six and more, parallax accuracies of +/- 0.6 pixels or +/- 45 m and a surface definition with +/- 30 m. The topographic relief can be very accentuated, with local elevation differences of 2.5 km and terrain slopes often in excess of 25 deg. This data set has proven the usefulness of global stereo coverage and marks the beginning of significant planetary stereo radargrammetric developments. Extensive mapping with this same stereo geometry is being carried out in cycle 3, and preparations are underway to develop a detailed stereo radargrammetric topographic model of the planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E8 A; 13
    Format: text
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