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  • 1
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    Iapetus: unique surface properties and a global color dichotomy from Cassini imaging (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Since 2004, Saturn's moon Iapetus has been observed repeatedly with the Imaging Science Subsystem of the Cassini spacecraft. The images show numerous impact craters down to the resolution limit of approximately 10 meters per pixel. Small, bright craters within the dark hemisphere indicate a dark blanket thickness on the order of meters or less. Dark, equator-facing and bright, poleward-facing crater walls suggest temperature-driven water-ice sublimation as the process responsible for local albedo patterns. Imaging data also reveal a global color dichotomy, wherein both dark and bright materials on the leading side have a substantially redder color than the respective trailing-side materials. This global pattern indicates an exogenic origin for the redder leading-side parts and suggests that the global color dichotomy initiated the thermal formation of the global albedo dichotomy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denk, Tilmann -- Neukum, Gerhard -- Roatsch, Thomas -- Porco, Carolyn C -- Burns, Joseph A -- Galuba, Gotz G -- Schmedemann, Nico -- Helfenstein, Paul -- Thomas, Peter C -- Wagner, Roland J -- West, Robert A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):435-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1177088. Epub 2009 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitat Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany. Tilmann.Denk@fu-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Color ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Cassini Imaging Science: initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-26
    Description: The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem acquired high-resolution imaging data on the outer Saturnian moon, Phoebe, during Cassini's close flyby on 11 June 2004 and on Iapetus during a flyby on 31 December 2004. Phoebe has a heavily cratered and ancient surface, shows evidence of ice near the surface, has distinct layering of different materials, and has a mean density that is indicative of an ice-rock mixture. Iapetus's dark leading side (Cassini Regio) is ancient, heavily cratered terrain bisected by an equatorial ridge system that reaches 20 kilometers relief. Local albedo variations within and bordering Cassini Regio suggest mass wasting of ballistically deposited material, the origin of which remains unknown.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Porco, C C -- Baker, E -- Barbara, J -- Beurle, K -- Brahic, A -- Burns, J A -- Charnoz, S -- Cooper, N -- Dawson, D D -- Del Genio, A D -- Denk, T -- Dones, L -- Dyudina, U -- Evans, M W -- Giese, B -- Grazier, K -- Helfenstein, P -- Ingersoll, A P -- Jacobson, R A -- Johnson, T V -- McEwen, A -- Murray, C D -- Neukum, G -- Owen, W M -- Perry, J -- Roatsch, T -- Spitale, J -- Squyres, S -- Thomas, P C -- Tiscareno, M -- Turtle, E -- Vasavada, A R -- Veverka, J -- Wagner, R -- West, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 25;307(5713):1237-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations, Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. carolyn@ciclops.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15731440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Cassini Imaging Science: initial results on Saturn's atmosphere (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-26
    Description: The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) began observing Saturn in early February 2004. From analysis of cloud motions through early October 2004, we report vertical wind shear in Saturn's equatorial jet and a maximum wind speed of approximately 375 meters per second, a value that differs from both Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager values. We also report a particularly active narrow southern mid-latitude region in which dark ovals are observed both to merge with each other and to arise from the eruptions of large, bright storms. Bright storm eruptions are correlated with Saturn's electrostatic discharges, which are thought to originate from lightning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Porco, C C -- Baker, E -- Barbara, J -- Beurle, K -- Brahic, A -- Burns, J A -- Charnoz, S -- Cooper, N -- Dawson, D D -- Del Genio, A D -- Denk, T -- Dones, L -- Dyudina, U -- Evans, M W -- Giese, B -- Grazier, K -- Helfenstein, P -- Ingersoll, A P -- Jacobson, R A -- Johnson, T V -- McEwen, A -- Murray, C D -- Neukum, G -- Owen, W M -- Perry, J -- Roatsch, T -- Spitale, J -- Squyres, S -- Thomas, P -- Tiscareno, M -- Turtle, E -- Vasavada, A R -- Veverka, J -- Wagner, R -- West, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 25;307(5713):1243-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations, Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. carolyn@ciclops.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15731441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Space-time wiring specificity supports direction selectivity in the retina (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-09
    Description: How does the mammalian retina detect motion? This classic problem in visual neuroscience has remained unsolved for 50 years. In search of clues, here we reconstruct Off-type starburst amacrine cells (SACs) and bipolar cells (BCs) in serial electron microscopic images with help from EyeWire, an online community of 'citizen neuroscientists'. On the basis of quantitative analyses of contact area and branch depth in the retina, we find evidence that one BC type prefers to wire with a SAC dendrite near the SAC soma, whereas another BC type prefers to wire far from the soma. The near type is known to lag the far type in time of visual response. A mathematical model shows how such 'space-time wiring specificity' could endow SAC dendrites with receptive fields that are oriented in space-time and therefore respond selectively to stimuli that move in the outward direction from the soma.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074887/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4074887/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Jinseop S -- Greene, Matthew J -- Zlateski, Aleksandar -- Lee, Kisuk -- Richardson, Mark -- Turaga, Srinivas C -- Purcaro, Michael -- Balkam, Matthew -- Robinson, Amy -- Behabadi, Bardia F -- Campos, Michael -- Denk, Winfried -- Seung, H Sebastian -- EyeWirers -- R01 NS076467/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 May 15;509(7500):331-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13240. Epub 2014 May 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2]. ; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Brain & Cognitive Sciences Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] 601 N 42nd Street, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA (M.R.); Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Computer Science Deptartment, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA (H.S.S.); Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, London WC1N 3AR, UK (S.C.T.). ; Qualcomm Research, 5775 Morehouse Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA. ; Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24805243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Brain Mapping ; Crowdsourcing ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Mice ; *Models, Neurological ; Motion ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism ; Retina/*cytology/*physiology ; Retinal Bipolar Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Spatio-Temporal Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Connectomic reconstruction of the inner plexiform layer in the mouse retina (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: Comprehensive high-resolution structural maps are central to functional exploration and understanding in biology. For the nervous system, in which high resolution and large spatial extent are both needed, such maps are scarce as they challenge data acquisition and analysis capabilities. Here we present for the mouse inner plexiform layer--the main computational neuropil region in the mammalian retina--the dense reconstruction of 950 neurons and their mutual contacts. This was achieved by applying a combination of crowd-sourced manual annotation and machine-learning-based volume segmentation to serial block-face electron microscopy data. We characterize a new type of retinal bipolar interneuron and show that we can subdivide a known type based on connectivity. Circuit motifs that emerge from our data indicate a functional mechanism for a known cellular response in a ganglion cell that detects localized motion, and predict that another ganglion cell is motion sensitive.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmstaedter, Moritz -- Briggman, Kevin L -- Turaga, Srinivas C -- Jain, Viren -- Seung, H Sebastian -- Denk, Winfried -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):168-74. doi: 10.1038/nature12346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. mhelmstaedter@neuro.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Cell Communication ; *Connectome ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Models, Biological ; Neuropil/physiology ; Retina/*cytology/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: The proper connectivity between neurons is essential for the implementation of the algorithms used in neural computations, such as the detection of directed motion by the retina. The analysis of neuronal connectivity is possible with electron microscopy, but technological limitations have impeded the acquisition of high-resolution data on a large enough scale. Here we show, using serial block-face electron microscopy and two-photon calcium imaging, that the dendrites of mouse starburst amacrine cells make highly specific synapses with direction-selective ganglion cells depending on the ganglion cell's preferred direction. Our findings indicate that a structural (wiring) asymmetry contributes to the computation of direction selectivity. The nature of this asymmetry supports some models of direction selectivity and rules out others. It also puts constraints on the developmental mechanisms behind the formation of synaptic connections. Our study demonstrates how otherwise intractable neurobiological questions can be addressed by combining functional imaging with the analysis of neuronal connectivity using large-scale electron microscopy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggman, Kevin L -- Helmstaedter, Moritz -- Denk, Winfried -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):183-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomedical Optics, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. briggman@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Dendrites/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques ; Retina/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Cassini observes the active south pole of Enceladus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Cassini has identified a geologically active province at the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. In images acquired by the Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS), this region is circumscribed by a chain of folded ridges and troughs at approximately 55 degrees S latitude. The terrain southward of this boundary is distinguished by its albedo and color contrasts, elevated temperatures, extreme geologic youth, and narrow tectonic rifts that exhibit coarse-grained ice and coincide with the hottest temperatures measured in the region. Jets of fine icy particles that supply Saturn's E ring emanate from this province, carried aloft by water vapor probably venting from subsurface reservoirs of liquid water. The shape of Enceladus suggests a possible intense heating epoch in the past by capture into a 1:4 secondary spin/orbit resonance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Porco, C C -- Helfenstein, P -- Thomas, P C -- Ingersoll, A P -- Wisdom, J -- West, R -- Neukum, G -- Denk, T -- Wagner, R -- Roatsch, T -- Kieffer, S -- Turtle, E -- McEwen, A -- Johnson, T V -- Rathbun, J -- Veverka, J -- Wilson, D -- Perry, J -- Spitale, J -- Brahic, A -- Burns, J A -- Delgenio, A D -- Dones, L -- Murray, C D -- Squyres, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1393-401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations, Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA. carolyn@ciclops.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Formation of Iapetus' extreme albedo dichotomy by exogenically triggered thermal ice migration (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: The extreme albedo asymmetry of Saturn's moon Iapetus, which is about 10 times as bright on its trailing hemisphere as on its leading hemisphere, has been an enigma for three centuries. Deposition of exogenic dark material on the leading side has been proposed as a cause, but this alone cannot explain the global shape, sharpness, and complexity of the transition between Iapetus' bright and dark terrain. We demonstrate that all these characteristics, and the asymmetry's large amplitude, can be plausibly explained by runaway global thermal migration of water ice, triggered by the deposition of dark material on the leading hemisphere. This mechanism is unique to Iapetus among the saturnian satellites because its slow rotation produces unusually high daytime temperatures and water ice sublimation rates for a given albedo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, John R -- Denk, Tilmann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):432-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1177132. Epub 2009 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80304, USA. spencer@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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