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  • 1
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    Iapetus: unique surface properties and a global color dichotomy from Cassini imaging (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Since 2004, Saturn's moon Iapetus has been observed repeatedly with the Imaging Science Subsystem of the Cassini spacecraft. The images show numerous impact craters down to the resolution limit of approximately 10 meters per pixel. Small, bright craters within the dark hemisphere indicate a dark blanket thickness on the order of meters or less. Dark, equator-facing and bright, poleward-facing crater walls suggest temperature-driven water-ice sublimation as the process responsible for local albedo patterns. Imaging data also reveal a global color dichotomy, wherein both dark and bright materials on the leading side have a substantially redder color than the respective trailing-side materials. This global pattern indicates an exogenic origin for the redder leading-side parts and suggests that the global color dichotomy initiated the thermal formation of the global albedo dichotomy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denk, Tilmann -- Neukum, Gerhard -- Roatsch, Thomas -- Porco, Carolyn C -- Burns, Joseph A -- Galuba, Gotz G -- Schmedemann, Nico -- Helfenstein, Paul -- Thomas, Peter C -- Wagner, Roland J -- West, Robert A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):435-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1177088. Epub 2009 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitat Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany. Tilmann.Denk@fu-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Color ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Connectomic reconstruction of the inner plexiform layer in the mouse retina (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: Comprehensive high-resolution structural maps are central to functional exploration and understanding in biology. For the nervous system, in which high resolution and large spatial extent are both needed, such maps are scarce as they challenge data acquisition and analysis capabilities. Here we present for the mouse inner plexiform layer--the main computational neuropil region in the mammalian retina--the dense reconstruction of 950 neurons and their mutual contacts. This was achieved by applying a combination of crowd-sourced manual annotation and machine-learning-based volume segmentation to serial block-face electron microscopy data. We characterize a new type of retinal bipolar interneuron and show that we can subdivide a known type based on connectivity. Circuit motifs that emerge from our data indicate a functional mechanism for a known cellular response in a ganglion cell that detects localized motion, and predict that another ganglion cell is motion sensitive.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmstaedter, Moritz -- Briggman, Kevin L -- Turaga, Srinivas C -- Jain, Viren -- Seung, H Sebastian -- Denk, Winfried -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):168-74. doi: 10.1038/nature12346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. mhelmstaedter@neuro.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Cell Communication ; *Connectome ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Models, Biological ; Neuropil/physiology ; Retina/*cytology/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Wiring specificity in the direction-selectivity circuit of the retina (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: The proper connectivity between neurons is essential for the implementation of the algorithms used in neural computations, such as the detection of directed motion by the retina. The analysis of neuronal connectivity is possible with electron microscopy, but technological limitations have impeded the acquisition of high-resolution data on a large enough scale. Here we show, using serial block-face electron microscopy and two-photon calcium imaging, that the dendrites of mouse starburst amacrine cells make highly specific synapses with direction-selective ganglion cells depending on the ganglion cell's preferred direction. Our findings indicate that a structural (wiring) asymmetry contributes to the computation of direction selectivity. The nature of this asymmetry supports some models of direction selectivity and rules out others. It also puts constraints on the developmental mechanisms behind the formation of synaptic connections. Our study demonstrates how otherwise intractable neurobiological questions can be addressed by combining functional imaging with the analysis of neuronal connectivity using large-scale electron microscopy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggman, Kevin L -- Helmstaedter, Moritz -- Denk, Winfried -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):183-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biomedical Optics, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. briggman@mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amacrine Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Calcium Signaling ; Dendrites/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques ; Retina/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Synapses/physiology/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Formation of Iapetus' extreme albedo dichotomy by exogenically triggered thermal ice migration (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: The extreme albedo asymmetry of Saturn's moon Iapetus, which is about 10 times as bright on its trailing hemisphere as on its leading hemisphere, has been an enigma for three centuries. Deposition of exogenic dark material on the leading side has been proposed as a cause, but this alone cannot explain the global shape, sharpness, and complexity of the transition between Iapetus' bright and dark terrain. We demonstrate that all these characteristics, and the asymmetry's large amplitude, can be plausibly explained by runaway global thermal migration of water ice, triggered by the deposition of dark material on the leading hemisphere. This mechanism is unique to Iapetus among the saturnian satellites because its slow rotation produces unusually high daytime temperatures and water ice sublimation rates for a given albedo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, John R -- Denk, Tilmann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):432-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1177132. Epub 2009 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80304, USA. spencer@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemische Reaktionen III. Über die Bildung von Hydroperoxyden bei photosensibilisierten Reaktionen von O2 mit geeigneten Akzeptoren, insbesondere mit α- und β-Pinen (1953)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 584 (1953), S. 177-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19535840112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Fällung von Phosphaten des CalciumsHerrn Professor Dr. Rudolf Criegee zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1962)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 653 (1962), S. 18-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus CaCl2-Lösungen, die überschüssiges KH2PO4 enthalten, fällt mit KOH bei pH 6-14 in der Kälte zunächst gut kristallisiertes sekundäres Calciumphosphat aus, welches sich unter der Lösng in Hydroxylapatit umwandelt und zwar um so rascher, je höher der pH-Wert ist. Bei Siedetemperatur entsteht von vornherein Apatit. Die Umwandlung in Hydroxylapatit verläft rascher, wenn Ca2⊕-Ionen im Überschuß vorliegen. Auch durch zusätzliche Chlorid-Ionen wird die Umwandlung etwas beschleunigt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19626530104
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