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  • Chemistry  (29)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2)
  • *Economic Development  (1)
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical methods of solution for continuous countercurrent processes in the nonsteady state part I: Model equations and development of numerical methods and algorithms (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 30 (1984), S. 770-779 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simple, efficient and noniterative algorithms are developed for the calculation of the dynamics of continuous countercurrent processes described by hyperbolic differential equations. The algorithms are derived using the method of characteristics and are particularly useful for either general quadratic or hyperbolic isotherms such as the Langmuir isotherm. The use of characteristic coordinates for the numerical solution avoids accumulating errors that would arise from computations based on a rectangular grid of real time and space coordinates.The proposed methods can provide an efficient framework for extension to transport processes with general nonlinear rate expressions. The algorithms and methods initially derived for simple models can be extended to more complex systems such as countercurrent flow with accumulating stationary phases and response to distributed disturbances.The application of the algorithm and methods to a number of countercurrent mass and heat transfer processes will be illustrated in Part II, where the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods will also be demonstrated by comparison to available analytic solutions. An example demonstrating the extension of the method to a system with complex coupled boundary conditions will also be discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690300511
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical methods of solution for continuous countercurrent processes in the nonsteady state part II: Application of numerical methods (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 30 (1984), S. 780-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The numerical methods developed in Part I are applied to a number of important countercurrent processes. Examples involving simultaneous input disturbances, distributed disturbances, Langmuir isotherms, and nonlinear coupled boundary conditions are tested. These examples, if solved by previous methods, would have required interpolation or iterative procedures, but are solved efficiently and accurately by the explicit algorithms and coding sequence developed in Part I.The solutions for a linear system are in excellent agreement with the analytic solution. Numerical solutions obtained from explicit algorithms based on a nonlinear rate expression also shows very good agreement with the analytic solutions of Thomas (1944) for a fixed bed process. In both cases good accuracy is obtained with as few as sixteen increments.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690300512
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered actin and immunoglobulin Cμ expression in nitrogen mustard-resistant human Burkitt lymphoma cells (1989)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 40 (1989), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: drug resistance ; c-myc oncogene ; β2-microglobulin ; meridian laser cytometer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Raji-HN2 is a B cell lymphoma (Burkitt lymphoma) line that was made resistant to nitrogen mustard. The drug-resistant phenotype was accompanied by changes in gene expression. The expression of four unrelated genes was examined by Northern blot analysis. Raji-HN2 cells were found to contain about twice the number of actin mRNA found in Raji cells. Both cell lines were found to contain equivalent amounts of β2-microglobulin, c-myc oncogene, and immunoglobulin Cμ mRNAs. The Cμ mRNA was, however, larger in size in Raji-HN2 cells. Alterations in actin and Cμ mRNAs in Raji-HN2 cells were not due to gene amplification or rearrangement because Southern blot analysis revealed no changes in the genomic organization of these genes. The increased actin mRNA content was correlated with an increased actin content of Raji-HN2 cells. The F-actin (stained with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazolylphallacidin) content of single cells was quantitated in a meridian interactive laser cytometer. Raji-HN2 cells contained about twice the amount of F-actin present in the parental Raji cells. Similar results were obtained when large populations, 106 cells each, were examined in a flow cytometer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240400402
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic studies of the effects of salt addition in the protonation and deprotonation of emeraldine films (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 833-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: spectroscopy ; polyaniline ; Donnan effect ; protonation/deprotonation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Emeraldine base films were treated with HClO4 solutions of various concentrations, with and without the addition of NaClO4. The protonation of the films was studied using angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. The protonation level can be substantially increased by the presence of salt if sufficient time is allowed for the anions to migrate into the bulk of the film. Conversely, in the partial deprotonation of emeraldine salt films, a higher retention of anions is observed in the presence of salt, even though the effect is not as pronounced as in the protonation process. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330512
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge transfer interactions in some poly[[o-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl] acetylene]-acceptor complexes (1991)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 669-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Charge transfer (CT) interactions between poly[[o-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene] or poly(o-Me3SiPA) and some electron acceptors were studied by ultraviolet-visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy and by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, (XPS). The electron acceptors used included iodine, bromine, o-chloranil, o-bromanil, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). Varying degrees of CT interactions were observed in all of the polymer/acceptor complexes studied. The electrical conductivities σ of the organic acceptor complexes exhibited a strong acceptor concentration dependence at low acceptor levels, with the DDQ complex exhibiting the highest σ. The extent of CT and the redistribution of charges resulting from the CT in all the complexes were revealed by XPS. The poly (o-Me3SiPA)/I2 complex film lost iodine spontaneously while more than half of the bromine in the poly (o-Me3SiPA)/Br2 complex existed as covalently bonded bromine, even at low halogen loading.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1991.090290604
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protonation of leucoemeraldine in the solid state and in solution (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: leucoemeraldine, protonation of ; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of protonation of leucoemeraldine ; polyanilines, spectroscopic studies of protonation of ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The protonation of leucoemeraldine in power form and in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) solution by HCIO4 and HBF4 has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectroscopy. In powder form, less than 25% of the amine nitrogens can be protonated in the absence of oxygen. The effects of oxygen on the degree of protonation and the distribution of amine and imine units upon deprotonation of the salt are investigated. The degree of protonation in leuccemeraldine can be increased to about 50% with 3 M HCIO4, similar to that achievable with emeraldine base in powder form. In NMP solution, leucoemeraldine is easily oxidized by dissolved oxygen. Protonation of both leucoemeraldine and emeraldine base in NMP solutions results in metastable species which gradually undergo deprotonation. The resulting products are affected by the O2 content of the solutions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090310403
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Halogen-induced chemical copolymerization of pyrrole with N-methylpyrrole (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38 (1989), S. 2009-2017 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Simultaneous chemical copolymerization and oxidation of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole by bromine an iodine has been carried out. The composition of the copolymes can be effectvely controlled by varying the monomer feed ratio. From elemental analysis the copolymer composition and the monomer reactivity ratios have been determined. As the copolymer composition changes, the IR absorption spectra show changes in the intensity of certain bands. In bromineinduced polymerization, the electrical conductivity, the electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and bromine content of the copolymer complex decrease with increase in N-mthylpyrrole fraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data suggest that a fixed fraction of bromine is incroporated as covalent bromide in the copolymer complex. When iodine is used the halogen content do not show substantial differences among the copolymers but the electricdal conductivity and thermal stability of the copolymers also decrease with increase in N-methylpyrrole fraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070381105
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electroless reduction and precipitation of gold from acid solution by polypyrrole (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1539-1545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of the 25% intrinsically oxidized polypyrrole, containing 25% [=N-] and 75% [—NH—], and the subsequent reprotonation and reduction of the highly intrinsically oxidized polymer in acid gold solution were utilized for the spontaneous and sustained reduction of gold. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results indicate that only elemental gold [or Au (0)] accumulates on the polymer film or powder surfaces. The N1s core-level spectra of the protonated and deprotonated polypyrrole after metal reduction suggest that the intrinsic structure of the polymer at the polymer/Au interface remains intact, even at [Au]/[N] mol ratios substantially above 1. The process, however, is limited by the decreasing effective surface area of the polymer due to Au coverage. The Au reduction behavior of polypyrrole was also compared to that of polyaniline. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070531116
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS studies of charge transfer interactions in some polyphenylacetylene-electron acceptor systems (1989)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 27 (1989), S. 2061-2069 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies have been performed on charge transfer complexes of trans-polyphenylacetylene (PPA). The acceptors used included halogens, such as I2 and Br2, and organic electron acceptors, such as 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), chloranil, fluoranil, and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ). Incomplete and relatively weak charge transfer interactions were observed in most of the complexes. These help to account for the relatively low conductivity levels observed in most of the PPA complexes when compared with the corresponding complexes of other conjugated polymers. PPA has also been found to interact with molecular oxygen to some extent in solution. In complexes involving O2, Br2, and fluoranil, XPS data suggest that the charge transfer interaction may have proceeded further than the pure formation of molecular charge transfer complexes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1989.090271010
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification of polyimide films by graft copolymerization (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56 (1995), S. 1707-1713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Surface modifications of polyimide (PI) films by Ar-plasma, O2-plasma, and O3 pretreatment and by near-UV light-induced graft copolymerization with water-soluable monomers, such as acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), and sodium salt of 4-styrenesulfonic acid (NaSS), have been carried out. The angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that surface pretreatment results in the formation of peroxide species on the polymer film surfaces and leads to a substantial enhancement of the density of surface graft. The XPS results further suggest that in the case where substantial grafting has taken place, the grafted polymer either forms a surface layer uniformly intermixed with the substrate chains, or a graft-rich surface layer in the case of sterically hindered migration of the graft. The resulting surface structures are further supported by dynamic water contact angle measurements. These surface structures are probably associated with the thermoset character of PI, as they differ from the stratified microstructures observed on most thermoplastic films after surface modification by graft copolymerization with hydrophilic monomers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070561302
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