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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS analysis of NH3 plasma-treated polystyrene films utilizing gas phase chemical modification (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 559-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gas phase chemical modification (GCM) is found to be more preferable as a pretreatment for the XPS surface analysis of polymer materials than the conventional liquid phase treatment because it can circumvent problems such as solvent contamination and swelling. We have tried the quantification of the surface composition successfully by estimating the yield of the reaction from model samples. GCM was then applied to correlate the surface composition of NH3 plasma-treated polystyrene films with their cell-affinity. The amount of primary-amine and that of carboxylic acid were directly determined by GCM. Although the amount of primary-amine, 15-20% of total nitrogen, did not depend on the treatment intensity, the total amine content for the treated samples increased with the plasma treatment intensity. The quantity of carboxylic acid generated was found to be very small. All treated samples had better cell-affinity than the control. The sample N2 (of medium treatment) showed the best cell-affinity. The most strongly treated sample N3, with larger amine content than N2, showed worse cell-affinity because of the interference by the sputtered SiO2 on the surface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260219
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    XPS studies on the chemical structure of the stabilized polyacrylonitrile fiber in the carbon fiber production process (1986)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 3101-3107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the carbon fiber production process from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), PAN precursor is heated first in air to secure stabilization in the succeeding carbonization process at higher temperature. The mechanism of the stabilization reaction and chemical structure of the stabilized PAN have been examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The stabilized PAN was determined to have a ladderlike structure consisting of 40% acridone ring, 30% naphtyridine ring, 20% hydronaphtyridine ring, and others. This structure well explains the stability of the polymer in the succeeding carbonization process on carbon fiber production with conjugated π-electron systems over the whole polymer chain and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. A comonomer addition to the precursor was found to accelerate the dehydrogenation reaction in the stabilization process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080241134
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of XPS O1s spectrum of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1990)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 28 (1990), S. 1813-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) O1s spectrum of PET [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was examined in detail. Spectra of related compounds were also studied for comparison. The O1s peak profile of asymmetric doublet with π-π* satellites characteristic of PET was successfully explained both from comparison with the observed O1s spectra of the related compounds and from ab initio δSCF calculation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1990.080280713
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FT-IR study of the stabilization reaction of polyacrylonitrile in the production of carbon fibers (1986)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 24 (1986), S. 1989-1995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stabilized fibers prepared by heating PAN and a PAN copolymer in air and under reduced pressure have been examined by FT-IR spectroscopy in order to determine their chemical structures. Three kinds of reactions, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and oxygen uptake are found to occur almost simultaneously in the stabilization process in air by digital difference spectrum method. The effect of the comonomer is confirmed to accelate the dehydrogenation reaction and also the formation of acridone ring in the thermal stabilization in air by kinetic study.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1986.080240819
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose: Effect of ethanol on enzymatic saccharification of cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was confirmed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation are effective for accelerating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. In this work, the effects of ethanol on the saccharification of tissue paper by Trichoderma cellulase (Meicelase CEPB) have been investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) Saccharification was inhibited by at least 0.2M ethanol. (2) Less than 4M ethanol did not affect the enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and endoglucanase (Cx) at all. The thermal stability of endoglucanase was not also varied by ethanol. (3) It is suggested that ethanol depresses the adsorption of exoglucanase on cellulose. (4) The rate expression of saccharification of cellulose in the presense of ethanol is proposed. (5) The inhibititory effect of ethanol was found to become more significant in the later stages of the reaction than just the initial stage.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270402
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle x-ray scattering of distorted lamellar structures (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 1179-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) of distorted lamellar structures ; polypropylene, hard elastic, SAXS of, electron micrograph of, density of ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) intensity for the lamellar structure of polymeric materials has been formulated with consideration of structural defects such as the finiteness of the lamellar stack, the lamellar bend, and the paracrystalline distortions. In particular, the effects of the lamellar bend on the SAXS profile have been elucidated on the basis of Vonk'xss formula γ1(x) - γ01(x)exp(-2x/d). Here, the scattering profile due to the lamellar bend is shown to be expressed by a Cauchy function. The integral breadth is equal to 2π/d, being independent of the order of scattering. As an example of the SAXS analysis based on the theory, the characterization of the lamellar structure in the “hard” elastic polypropylene films is reported. The long period and the lamellar thickness are evaluated from the correlation function, and the distortion length and Hosemann's g factor are estimated according to the procedure presented here. On the basis of these structural parameters, the relationship between the manufacturing process and the lamellar structure of the polypropylene films is discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090310912
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study on saturation swelling of styrene-acryronitrile copolymer particles with styrene and acrylonitrile monomers (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 2491-2498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: emulsion copolymerization ; swelling of polymer particles ; monomer partitioning ; styrene ; acrylonitrile ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The saturation swelling behavior of styrene and acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer particles with a styrene (St) and acrylonitrile (AN) comonomer mixture was investigated experimentally. The effects of the copolymer composition and the compositional inhomogeneity in SAN Copolymer particles on their swelling behavior were examined. The experimental results show that both the copolymer composition and the compositional inhomogeneity in SAN copolymer particles have little or no influence on the swellability of SAN copolymer particles with a St and AN comonomer mixture, as long as the weight fraction of AN monomer units in SAN copolymer particles is less than a certain value between 0.6 and 0.8. With increasing AN content in the copolymer particles beyond this value, however, the swellability of SAN copolymer particles gradually decreases. Semiempirical equations are proposed, which correlate the saturation concentration of each monomer in SAN copolymer particles as a function of the comonomer composition in the monomer droplets and the overall copolymer composition in SAN copolymer particles. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090321506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface analysis of plasma-treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) film (1991)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 31 (1991), S. 812-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Surface structures of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films produced by stretching after Ar plasma-treatment were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, combined with a gas chemical modification technique, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of ultra-fine protrusions that produce good slip and a smooth film surface after the stretching procedure was confirmed. The height of the protrusions was almost the same as the thickness of the osmic acid-dyeable layer. The thickness of the modified layer was found to change according to the Ar pressure of the plasmatreatment. Carboxylic and hydroxyl groups produced by the plasma-treatment were quantified. The formation of these functional groups can explain good adhesion of the film.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760311108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of surface cleaning and X-ray irradiation in XPS study of polymers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41 (1990), S. 1451-1458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have examined effects of surface cleaning and X-ray irradiation in XPS study of polymers. Contamination-free surfaces of polymer samples for XPS study were successfully prepared by ultrasonic washing in organic solvents. Polymers were revealed to have lower surface chemical activity than metal and semiconductor crystals. The degradation behavior of polymers induced by X-ray irradiation was found to be different from thermal degradation processes. Polymers like PET, polyimide, and PAN have high stability against X-ray irradiation in XPS measurement. On the other hand, we must take degradation into consideration in XPS measurement for polymers such as PTFE and nylon because of their low stability against X-ray irradiation. For an extremely X-ray-sensitive polymer like nitrocellulose, a quantitative XPS study cannot be carried out.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070410708
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A convenient method for library construction: Parallel synthesis of β-amino ester and quinoline derivatives in liquid phase using Ln(OTf)3-catalyzed three-component reactions (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 61 (1998), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: β-amino ester ; quinoline derivatives ; Ln(OTf)3 ; three-component reactions ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convenient method for library construction in liquid phase, which is based on lanthanide triflate (Ln(OTf)3)-catalyzed three-component reactions, has been developed. Equimolar amounts of each component, an aldehyde, an amine, and a silyl enol ether or an alkene, react smoothly in the presence of Ln(OTf)3, and the work-up and purification processes are performed by simply passing through a short column. The key is to use Ln(OTf)3 as a Lewis acid catalyst, which is not decomposed during the work-up and purification steps, and is easily separated from products by the simple procedure. According to this method, various high-quality β-amino ester and quinoline derivatives have been prepared in parallel in large quantities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng (Comb Chem) 61:23-31, 1998.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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