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  • 1
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: bone morphogenetic protein ; helix-loop-helix molecules ; myogenin ; Myo D ; herculin ; myf-5 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) reproducibly induces chondrogenesis and osteogenesis when implanted into skeletal muscle. The exact identity of the cell that responds to BMP is not known. Furthermore, controversy exists regarding the possibility that myoblastic cells may transdifferentiate to chondrocytes and osteoblasts under the influence of BMP. We have therefore, undertaken studies on the effects of BMP on differentiation in L6 and C2C12 cells, two rodent myoblastic cell lines. To gain insights into the mechanisms of action of BMP, we have studied the effects of BMP on the levels of expression of the four known myogenic determination genes: myogenin, Myo D, herculin, and myf-5. BMP inhibited myogenesis in myoblastic cells. Convincing evidence of transdifferentiation of myoblasts to chondrocytes or osteoblasts was not seen. BMP inhibited the expression of all four myogenic determination genes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 5 (1973), S. 1007-1021 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrolysis of isobutane was investigated in the ranges of 770° to 855°K and 20 to 150 Torr at up to 4% decomposition. The reaction is homogeneous and strongly self-inhibited. A simple Rice-Herzfeld chain terminated by the recombination of methyl radicals is proposed for the initial, uninhibited reaction. Self-inhibition is due to abstraction of hydrogen atoms from product isobutene giving resonance-stabilized 2-methylallyl radicals which participate in termination reactions. The reaction chains are shown to be long. It is suggested that a previously published rate constant for the initiation reaction (1)\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ i - C_4 H_{10} \to CH_3 + i - C_3 H_7 $$\end{document} is incorrect and the value k1 = 1016.8 exp (-81700 cal mol-1/RT)s-1 is recommended. The values of the rate constants for the reactions (4i) \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ CH_3 + i - C_4 H_{10} \to CH_3 + i - C_4 H_9 $$\end{document} (4t) \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ CH_3 + i - C_4 H_{10} \to CH_4 + t - C_4 H_9 $$\end{document} (8) \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ CH_3 + i - C_4 H_8 \to CH_4 + 2 - methylallyl $$\end{document} are estimated to be \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{4i} = 10^{13.16} \exp (- 16300calmol^{ - 1} /RT)cm^3 mol^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{4t} = 10^{12.51} \exp (- 12900calmol^{ - 1} /RT)cm^3 mol^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_{8} = 10^{14.05} \exp (- 17600calmol^{ - 1} /RT)cm^3 mol^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} $$\end{document} From a recalculation of previously published data on the pyrolysis of isobutane at lower temperatures and higher pressures, the value k11c, = 109.6 cm3 mol-1 s-1 is obtained for the rate constant of recombination of t-butyl. A calculation which is independent of any assumed rate constants or thermochemistry shows that the predominant chain termination reaction is the recombination of two methyl radicals in the conditions of the present work and the recombination of two t-butyl radicals in those of our previous study at lower temperatures and higher pressures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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