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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1101-1115 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die kationische Copolymerisation von Isobuten und β-Pinen (2(10)-Pinen) liefert statistische Copolymere, die interessante physikalische Eigenschaften zeigen. Hochmolekulare Copolymere mit Isobuten/β-Pinen-Gehalten von 90/10 und 97/3 stellen z.B. mit Schwefel vulkanisierbare, gegen Ozon resistente Elastomere dar. Die Copolymersynthese wurde mit Friedel-Crafts Halogeniden, z.B. C2H5AlCl2, BF3 etc. und Äthylchlorid als Losungsmittel bei tiefen Temperaturen durchgeführt. Die Struktur der Copolymere wurde mit Hilfe der NMR-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Die Copolymerisationsparameter von Isobuten und β-Pinen werden stark durch die Temperatur beeinflußt, sprechen aber auf eine bestimmte verwendete Lewis-Säure vie1 weniger an. Es ist interessant, daß die einzelnen Copolymerisationsparameter mit C2H5AlCl2 unterhalb von ca. -100°C gleich eins werden, d. h., die Copolymerisation wird azeotrop.Der Mechanismus von kationischen, durch verschiedene Alkylaluminium-Verbindungen ausgelosten Olefinpolymerisationen ist mit Hilfe von Modellreaktionen untersucht worden. Die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion wird stark durch die Art des (CH3)3CX und des Lösungsmittels CH3X beeinflußt (X = Cl, Br, J). Unerwarteterweise wurde für die Geschwindigkeiten dieser Reaktion die Reihenfolge (CH3)3CCl〉(CH3)3CBr〉(CH3)3CJ gefunden. Weiter ergab eine intensive Untersuchung des Modellsystems 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-penten/(CH3)3Al/(CH3)3CCl eine Reihe von wichtigen mechanistischen Einsichten. Z. B., wenn eine Alkylaluminiumverbindung mit einem β-Wasserstoff in bezug auf Aluminium, z. B. (C2H5)3Al, [(CH3)2CHCH2]3Al etc., als Coinitiator verwendet wird, erfolgt durch rasche Hydridübertragung ein Abbruch der Reaktion gemäß: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ldots {\rm R}^ \oplus + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_3 {\rm AlCl}^ \odot \to \ldots - {\rm RH} + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 {\rm AlCl} + {\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_4 $$\end{document}
    Notes: The cationic copolymerization of isobutylene and β-pinene (2(10)-pinene) yields random copolymers which exhibit interesting physical properties. E.g., high molecular weight copolymers containing isobutylene/β-pinene in the ratio of 90/10 and 97/3 are sulfur-vulcanizable ozone-resistant elastomers. Copolymer synthesis was accomplished with Friedel-Crafts halides e.g., C2H5AlCl2, BF3, etc. using ethyl chloride diluent at low temperatures. The structure of the copolymers was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios of isobutylene and β-pinene are stongly affected by temperature, however, are much less sensitive to the particular Lewis acid used. Interestingly, with C2H5AlCl2, the individual reactivity ratios become equal to unity below ca. -100°C, i.e., the copolymerization becomes azeotropic.The mechanism of cationic olefin polymerizations induced by various alkylaluminum compounds has been investigated by model reactions. The rate of the reactions. The rate of the reaction is strongly affected by the nature of the (CH3)3CX and the CH3X solvent (X=Cl, Br. I). Unexpectedly, the sequence of rates of this reaction was found to be (CH3)3CCl〉(CH3)3CBr〉(CH3)3Cl. Further, an intensive study of the 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene/(CH3)3Al/(CH3)3CCl model system gave a series of important mechanistic insights. E.g., if an alkylaluminum compound having a β-hydrogen in respect to aluminum is used as the coinitiator e.g., (C2H5)3Al, [(CH3)2CHCH2]3Al, etc., rapid hydridation terminates the reaction: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ldots - {\rm R}^ \oplus + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_3 {\rm AlCl}^ \odot \to \ldots - {\rm RH} + \left( {{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 {\rm AlCl} + {\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_4 $$\end{document}
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1979), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: While many well defined sequential copolymers have been synthesized by anionic and some by coordination polymerization techniques, cationic methods have not been exploited in this regard. This lecture focuses on “macromolecular engineering” by cationic techniques and summarizes the many recently developed and largely unpublished methods by which a great variety of sequential copolymers and modified polymers can readily be prepared. A new scheme for macromolecular engineering by carbocationic mechanism is proposed. Controlled initiation as a means of introducing head-groups into polymers or of graft-copolymer syntheses is described. Control of chain transfer to monomer became possible by the use of bifunctional initiator-chain transfer agents (inifers) or by proton sponges. The synthesis of telechelic α,ω-dichlorides, and -diolefins is outlined. α,ω-(Di-tert-chloro) polyisobutylene, a new symmetrical telechelic prepolymer has been used to prepare poly(α-methylstyrene-isobutylene-α-methylstyrene) thermoplastic elastomeric triblocks. Consequences of controlled termination are illustrated by the synthesis of diblock copolymers. Finally, by a combination of mechanistic elements, a system for macromolecular engineering by cationic techniques is outlined.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Steady state fluorescence measurements in dilute solution have been performed for eight halogenated polystyrenes and for poly(2,5-dimethylstyrene). The monomers for halogenated polymers are o-X-styrene (X = F, Cl, Br), m-fluorostyrene, p-X-styrene, and p-chloro-α-methylstyrene. The position of the excimer band and the ratio of the intensities of the excimer and monomer fluorescence depend on the substitution. The results for poly(p-chloro-α-methylstyrene) and poly(2,5-dimethylstyrene) can be rationalized by a conformational analysis that examines the preferred geometries for face-to-face complexes by rings bonded to chain atoms i and i + 2. The results for the other polymers cannot be explained by a conformational analysis. They appear to arise from a combination of factors that alter the electronic properties of the chromophore.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33 (1987), S. 2449-2465 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper concerns the synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of novel polyisobutylene (PIB)-based urethane model networks prepared from diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and three-arm star PIBs capped with —CH2OH end groups (PIB(CH2OH)3). The PIB(CH2OH)3 starting materials were produced by the inifer method in the M̄n = 13,550-27,000 range. The best networks were obtained with NCO : OH = 1. Solvent extractions showed uncatalyzed network formation to be essentially complete and swelling studies indicated the expected architecture, i.e., M̄c = 2M̄n/3 and virtual absence of dangling chains. Stannous octoate was found to increase the rate of network formation in the absence of side reactions (i.e., allophanate formation), while other catalysts also accelerated undesirable reactions. The effect of molecular weight between crosslinks (M̄c) on network physical properties has been studied in the M̄c = 900-18,500 range. The tensile strength increases with decreasing M̄c up to a limiting value after which it sharply declines. Elongations at break decrease monotonously with decreasing M̄c. Low temperature tensile studies show higher tensile data at -20°C, and, surprisingly, a retention of elongations at break. The Tg's decrease with increasing M̄c's until a plateau is reached at -73°C. Hysteresis is fairly constant and permanent set is constant and low. The PIB-based urethane networks exhibit excellent hydrolytic stability, negligible moisture absorption, and outstanding heat-aging stability, far beyond what is expected for a polyurethane. Conceivably the thermal deblocking of the urethane group may be reversible (—NH—COO—CH2—⇌ —NCO + HOCH2—) because the isocyanate that arises in the highly hydrophobic PIB matrix recombines with the alcohol, and cannot react with moisture as in conventional urethane networks.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 25 (1987), S. 1847-1869 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Truly living polymerization of isobutylene (IB) has been achieved for the first time by the use of new initiating systems comprising organic acetate-BCl3 complexes under conventional laboratory conditions in various solvents from -10 to -50°C. The overall rates of polymerization are very high, which necessitated the development of the incremental monomer addition (IMA) technique to demonstrate living systems. The living nature of the polymerizations was demonstrated by linear Mn versus grams polyisobutylene (PIB) formed plots starting at the origin and horizontal number of polymer molecules formed versus amount of polymer formed plots. DPn obeys [IB]/[CH3COORt · BCl3]. Molecular weight distributions (MWD) are very narrow in homogeneous systems (Mw/Mn = 1.2-1.3) whereas somewhat broader values are obtained when the polymer precipitates out of solution (Mw/Mn = 1.4-3.0). The MWDs tend to narrow with increasing molecular weights, i.e., with the accumulation of precipitated polymer in the reactor. Traces of moisture do not affect the outcome of living polymerizations. In the presence of monomer both first and second order chain transfer to monomer are avoided even at -10°C. The diagnosis of first and second order chain transfer has been accomplished, and the first order process seems to dominate. Forced termination can be effected either by thermally decomposing the propagating complexes or by nucleophiles. In either case the end groups will be tertiary chlorides. The living polymerization of isobutylene initiated by ester. BCl3 complexes most likely proceeds by a two-component group transfer polymerization.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel linear and three-arm star radial thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) comprising rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) center blocks connected to glassy poly(p-chlorostyrene) (PpClSt) outer blocks have been synthesized by sequential monomer addition. For triblock polymer synthesis isobutylene (IB) was added continuously to a bifunctional initiating system (dicumylmethyl ether/TiCl4) dissolved in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane solvent mixture at -80°C. After the living PIB sequence has reached the desired molecular weight p-chlorostyrene (pClSt) was added to produce the PpClSt end blocks. The synthesis conditions for the TPEs were developed with the help of model experiments using the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl4 initiating system and subsequent PIB-PpClSt diblock syntheses. The triblock and radiol block polymers after solvent extraction exhibited excellent TPE characteristics. Copolymer compositions were determined by 1H-NMR and UV spectroscopy and further characterization was carried out by GPC, DSC, DMTA, and selective solvent extraction techniques. The TPEs exhibit two Tg's characteristic of glassy PpClSt (129°C) and rubbery PIB (-70°C) segments. Cast TPE films were clear and gave tensile strengths of 1.2-21 MPa with elongations of 460-1500%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of a triblock polymer containing ca. 38 wt % PpClSt suggests cylindrical PpClSt domains of 40-70 nm length and 25-35 nm diam embedded in a PIB matrix.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermoplastic elastomer ; carbocationic polymerization ; polyisobutylene ; living polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New linear triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by two glassy endblocks of various styrenic polymers have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization by sequential monomer addition. First isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by a bifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl methyl ether) initiator in conjunction with TiCl4 coinitiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at -80°C. After the living narrow molecular weight distribution PIB midblock ($\[\bar M_n\]$ = 1.1-1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, the styrenic monomers together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to start the blocking of the glassy segments from the living ⊕PIB⊕ chain ends. While p-methylstyrene (pMeSt), p-t-butylstyrene (ptBuSt) and indene (In) gave essentially 100% blocking to the corresponding glassy endblocks, the blocking of 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene (TMeSt) and α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) were ineffective. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities was prevented by the use of DtBP. In the simultaneous presence of DtBP and the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), TPEs with good mechanical properties (10-20 MPa tensile strength, 300-600% elongation) were prepared. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated rubbery and glassy domains. The service temperature of these new TPEs exceeds that of PSt-PIB-PSt triblock copolymers due to the higher Tgs (PpMeSt = 108, PptBuSt = 142 and PIn = 220-240°C) of the outer blocks. The Tg of the glassy blocks can be regulated by copolymerizing two styrene derivatives; a triblock copolymer with outer blocks of poly(pt-butylstyrene-co-indene) showed a single glassy transition Tg = +165°C, i.e., in between that of PptBuSt and PIn. Virgin TPEs have been repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The high melt flow index obtained with a TPE containing PptBuSt endblocks suggests superior processability relative to those with PSt end-blocks. The tensile strength retention at 60°C of the former TPE is far superior to that of a PSt-PIB-PSt triblock of similar composition.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithiated isopropylidene-telechelic polyisobutylenes (i.e., PIBs capped with end groups) are most interesting novel intermediates for further transformations, e.g., functionalization, polymerization. This report concerns model lithiation experiments of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene (TM1P) that guided us toward the subsequent quantitative lithiation of isopropylidene-telechelic PIBs. Thus, lithiation of TM1P with, n-, s-, and t-butyllithium, in the presence of various complexing agents (i.e., TMEDA, t-BuOK, 1,2-DPE, CH3OCH2CH2OCH3, THF, and 12-crown-4) followed by silylation with Me3SiCl (for the purpose of quantitation) gave three products: 2(trimethylsilylmethyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene (TM1P-Si), 2(trimethylsilylmethyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene (TM2P-Si2). The relative product composition strongly depends on the BuLi/complexing agent ratio and temperature. Among the different butyllithiums and complexing agents the best overall results were obtained with the s-BuLi/TMEDA combination. Complete lithiation of TM1P with minimum dilithiation was obtained using the molar ratio [s-BuLi]: [TMEDA]: [TM1P] = 2 : 2 : 1. The apparent activation energy of lithiation by s-BuLi/TMEDA was found to be 6.7 ± 0.8 kcal/mol. Guided by TM1P model experiments, quantitative monolithiation of isopropylidene-capped polyisobutylene (including ca. 4% chain and isomerization) was achieved using the molar ratio [s-BuLi] : [TMEDA] : [C—C] = 5 : 4 : 1.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New linear and three-arm star thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polysobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by glass polystyrene (PSt) blocks have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization in the presence of select additives by sequential monomer addition. First, isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by bi- and trifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl- and tricumyl methoxy) initiators in conjunction with TiCl4 conintiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at -80°C. After the living, narrow molecular weight, distribution PIB (M̄w/M̄n = 1.1-1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, styrene (St) together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to block PSt from the living chain ends. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities that produces PSt contamination is prevented by the use of DtBP. PSt-PIB-PSt blocks obtained in the absence of additives are contaminated by homopolymer and /or diblocks due to inefficient blocking and initiation by protic impurities, and exhibit poor physical properties. In contrast in the presence of the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and DtBP the blocking of St from living PIB chain occurs efficiently and block copolymers exhibiting good mechanical properties can be prepared. Virgin TPEs can be repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated PIB and PSt domains. Transmission electron microscopy of linear triblocks containing ∼ 34 wt % PSt also indicates microphase separation and suggests PSt rods dispersed in a PIB matrix.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The living carbocationic polymerisation of styrene (St) has been investigated by the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCI)/TiCl4 initiating system in the presence of various additives such as electron pair donors (EDs) and the proton trap 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) by the use of the mixed solvent CH3Cl/methyl-cyclohexane (MCHx) (40/60 v/v) at -80°C under conventional laboratory conditions. The TMPCl/TiCl4 system in the absence of additives produces ill-defined bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) polymers. Much better defined polystyrenes (PSt) can be obtained in the presence of EDs, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Monomer depletion should be avoided to prevent intra- or intermolecular alkylation yielding indanyl end groups or branched polymers, respectively. In the combined presence of an ED and the proton trap, i.e., DMA + DtBP, the living polymerization of St has been achieved and thus the foundations for the carbocationic synthesis of PSt block polymers by sequential monomer addition have been laid.
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