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  • 1
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    Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in adult patients with medulloblastoma. Retrospective study of 156 patients (1994)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 1994-10-15
    Print ISSN: 0008-543X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0142
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Cancer Society.
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  • 2
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    The global abundance of tree palms (2020)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-08
    Print ISSN: 1466-822X
    Electronic ISSN: 1466-8238
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Earthworm calcite granules: a new tracker of millennial-timescale environmental changes in Last Glacial loess deposits (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-11
    Description: ABSTRACT Earthworm calcite granules (ECG) are secreted by several earthworm species, mostly Lumbricus terrestris and Lumbricus rubellus , which release them at the surface and in the upper part of soil horizons. For a long time, they have been found in various calcareous Quaternary deposits, but more recently in Western European loess sequences where they can be abundant in specific layers. In this study, we present the first continuous record of ECG abundance variations from two loess sequences in northern France dating from the last glacial period. The aim of this research is to evaluate the reliability of ECG as a new palaeoenvironmental proxy for the study of loess environments. ECG counts reveal a link between their abundance and the nature of stratigraphic units, i.e. very high abundances in tundra gley and boreal brown soil horizons and almost none in typical calcareous loess. These abundance variations are similar to those of terrestrial molluscs. The ECG signal thus suggests, along with sedimentological parameters (grain size index, calcium carbonate, total organic carbon), that milder climatic conditions occurred during the development of tundra gleys during the Upper Pleniglacial (∼20–35 ka), and of boreal brown soils during the Middle Pleniglacial (∼35–40 ka).
    Print ISSN: 0267-8179
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1417
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    A century of human-driven changes in the carbon dioxide concentration of lakes (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Now that evasion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from inland waters is accounted for in global carbon models, it is crucial to quantify how these fluxes have changed in the past and forecast how they may alter in the future in response to local and global change. Here, we developed a sediment proxy for the concentration of summer surface dissolved CO 2 concentration and used it to reconstruct changes over the past 150 years for three large lakes that have been affected by climate warming, changes in nutrient load and detrital terrigenous supplies. Initially CO 2 -neutral to the atmosphere, all three lakes subsequently fluctuated between near-equilibrium and supersaturation. Although catchment inputs have supplied CO 2 to the lakes, internal processes and re-allocation have ultimately regulated decadal changes in lake surface CO 2 concentration. Nutrient concentration has been the dominant driver of CO 2 variability for a century although the reproducible, non-monotonic relationship of CO 2 to nutrient concentration suggests an interplay between metabolic and chemical processes. Yet, for two of these lakes, climatic control of CO 2 concentrations has been important over the last 30 years, promoting higher surface CO 2 concentrations, likely by decreasing hypolimnetic carbon storage. This new approach offers the unique opportunity to scale, a posteriori , the long-term impact of human activities on lake CO 2 .
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Metabolic Adaptation of the Small Intestine to Short- and Medium-Term High-Fat Diet Exposure (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: The small intestine is the main organ involved in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, i.e., it is in an ideal position to sense the availability of energy in the lumen in addition to its absorptive function. Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) influences the metabolic characteristics of the small intestine. Therefore, to better understand the metabolic features of the small intestine and their changes in response to dietary fat, we characterized the metabolism of duodenal, jejunal and hepatic cell lines and assessed the metabolic changes in the enterocytes and the liver after short-term (3 days) or medium-term (14 days) HFD feeding in mice. Experiments with immortalized enterocytes indicated a higher glycolytic capacity in the duodenal cell line compared to the other two cell lines, whereas the jejunal cell line exhibited a high oxidative metabolism. Short-term HFD feeding induced changes in the expression of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes in the duodenum and the jejunum of mice, but not in the liver. When focusing on fatty acid oxidation both, short- and medium-term HFD feeding induced an upregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, the key enzyme of ketogenesis, at the protein level in the intestinal epithelial cells, but not in the liver. These results suggest that HFD feeding induces an early adaptation of the small intestine rather than the liver in response to a substantial fat load. This highlights the importance of the small intestine in the adaptation of the body to the metabolic changes induced by HFD exposure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Simulation and analysis of the moist vortex associated with the extreme rain event of Ouagadougou in 2009 (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract This study analyses the mechanisms involved in the formation of a moist meso‐vortex associated with an extreme rain event that occurred in Burkina Faso on 1 September 2009, on the basis of high resolution convection‐permitting simulations. After an evaluation of the 6‐day simulation skill to capture the main characteristics of this event, budgets of heat, moisture and relative vorticity are calculated. Results allow to propose the following scenario for the occurrence of this extreme rain event, completing the large‐scale analysis of the same event performed in the companion paper Lafore et al. (2017): The arrival of a large‐scale wet spell is a key factor, creating a quite unusual wet environment over Sahel, resulting in weak rain evaporation. As over oceanic regions, it favours intense heating at low levels and thus strong mean ascent and convergence. The combination with the arrival of the trough of an African easterly wave provides a second key factor. The associated relative vorticity maximum on the southern flank of the African easterly jet core, is boosted by the strong low‐level convergence through the stretching term. The vortex deepening is favoured by the tilting and by eddies at upper‐levels. In turn the quasi‐balanced vortex circulation brings warm and moist air from the north, favouring the convection triggering to the west of the vortex in the down‐shear direction, in agreement with Raymond and Jiang (1990) theory for long‐lived meso‐scale convective systems. This scenario exhibits a positive feedback that could explain its extreme character. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Spatial Patterns of Storm‐Induced Landslides and Their Relation to Rainfall Anomaly Maps (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Storm‐induced landslides are a common hazard, but the link between their spatial pattern and rainfall properties is poorly understood, mostly because hillslope stability is modulated by under‐constrained, spatially variable topographic, hydrological, and mechanical properties. Here, we use a long‐term rainfall data set from the Japanese radar network to discuss why the landslide pattern caused by a major typhoon poorly correlates with the event rainfall but agrees with the event rainfall normalized by the 10‐year return period rainfall amount, that is, a rainfall anomaly. This may be explained if the variability in hillslope properties has coevolved with the recent climate and can be accounted for with such normalization. Further, rock types seem to respond to rainfall anomalies at various timescales, favoring specific landslide geometries, and suggesting various hydrological properties in these zones. The computation of rainfall anomalies for multiple timescales may pave the way toward operational landslide forecasts in case of large storms.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Ecogeomorphic relations between marsh surface elevation and vegetation properties in a temperate multi-species salt marsh (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-28
    Description: Salt marshes represent a fascinating example of an ecosystem whose dynamic response to climate change is chiefly governed by a two-way bio-physical coupling between marsh ecology and geomorphology. Relationships between vegetation biomass and marsh surface elevation, and between vegetation biomass and its physical properties that influence sedimentation rates, have been progressively formulated in the literature in order to provide mechanistic understandings and mathematical model descriptions of these ecogeomorphic feedbacks. In this study, a field survey was conducted in a temperate salt marsh grown by multiple halophyte species in order to quantify and validate these empirical relationships, yet in a location characterized by different climatic and ecological conditions from the locations were these relationships were initially derived. Regression analysis revealed that vegetation biomass can be expressed as a linearly increasing function of marsh elevation, providing therefore a direct empirical validation for such a relationship previously reported in the literature and implemented in some ecogeomorphic models. However, previously documented allometric relationships between total standing biomass and vegetation morphometrics—namely stem diameter, stem density and projected plant area per unit volume—were not confirmed by our results, which only showed an allometric scaling for stem height. These results suggest that previously documented formulations of mineral sediment trapping processes modulated by plants, which are partly derived on the basis of these allometric relationships, are not generally validated for multi-species salt marshes. Therefore, existing models that apply these process-based equations to study marsh evolution in a multi-species context may not capture in detail the vegetation-induced geomorphic work. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Deformation during the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting crisis, NE Iceland, measured from historical optical imagery (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: [1]  We measure the displacement field resulting from the 1975–1984 Krafla rifting crisis, NE Iceland, using optical image correlation. Images are processed using the COSI-Corr software package. Surface extension is accommodated on normal faults and fissures which bound the rift zone, in response to dike injection at depth. Correlation of declassified KH-9 spy and SPOT5 satellite images reveals extension between 1977–2002 (2.5 m average opening over 80 km), while correlation of aerial photos between 1957–1990 provide measurements of the total extension (average 4.3 m opening over 80 km). Our results show ∼8 m of opening immediately north of Krafla caldera, decreasing to 3–4 m at the northern end of the rift. Correlation of aerial photos from 1957–1976 reveal a bi-modal pattern of opening along the rift during the early crisis, which may indicate either two different magma sources located at either end of the rift zone (a similar pattern of opening was observed in the 2005 Afar rift crisis in East Africa), or variations in rock strength along the rift. Our results provide new information on how past dike injection events accommodate long-term plate spreading, as well as providing more details on the Krafla rift crisis. This study also highlights the potential of optical image correlation using inexpensive declassified spy satellite and aerial photos to measure deformation of the Earth's surface going back many decades, thus providing a new tool for measuring Earth surface dynamics, e.g. glaciers, landsliding, coastal erosion, volcano monitoring and earthquake studies, when InSAR and GPS data are not available.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Convergence rate across the Nepal Himalaya and interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: Implications for seismic hazard (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-13
    Description: We document geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya using GPS times series from 30 stations in Nepal and southern Tibet, in addition to previously published campaign GPS points and leveling data and determine the pattern of interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust fault (MHT). The noise on the daily GPS positions is modeled as a combination of white and colored noise, in order to infer secular velocities at the stations with consistent uncertainties. We then locate the pole of rotation of the Indian plate in the ITRF 2005 reference frame at longitude = − 1.34° ± 3.31°, latitude = 51.4° ± 0.3° with an angular velocity of Ω = 0.5029 ± 0.0072°/Myr. The pattern of coupling on the MHT is computed on a fault dipping 10° to the north and whose strike roughly follows the arcuate shape of the Himalaya. The model indicates that the MHT is locked from the surface to a distance of approximately 100 km down dip, corresponding to a depth of 15 to 20 km. In map view, the transition zone between the locked portion of the MHT and the portion which is creeping at the long term slip rate seems to be at the most a few tens of kilometers wide and coincides with the belt of midcrustal microseismicity underneath the Himalaya. According to a previous study based on thermokinematic modeling of thermochronological and thermobarometric data, this transition seems to happen in a zone where the temperature reaches 350°C. The convergence between India and South Tibet proceeds at a rate of 17.8 ± 0.5 mm/yr in central and eastern Nepal and 20.5 ± 1 mm/yr in western Nepal. The moment deficit due to locking of the MHT in the interseismic period accrues at a rate of 6.6 ± 0.4 × 1019 Nm/yr on the MHT underneath Nepal. For comparison, the moment released by the seismicity over the past 500 years, including 14 MW ≥ 7 earthquakes with moment magnitudes up to 8.5, amounts to only 0.9 × 1019 Nm/yr, indicating a large deficit of seismic slip over that period or very infrequent large slow slip events. No large slow slip event has been observed however over the 20 years covered by geodetic measurements in the Nepal Himalaya. We discuss the magnitude and return period of M 〉 8 earthquakes required to balance the long term slip budget on the MHT.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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