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  • 1
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    Economic Crisis Detected from Space: Air Quality observations over Athens/Greece (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-06
    Description: [1]  Using both satellite observations of tropospheric NO 2 columns and a number of economic metrics we investigate the impact of the economic crisis (from 2008 onward) on air quality over Greece, and Athens in particular. The multiannual analysis shows that NO 2 columns over Athens have been significantly reduced in the range 30-40%. This decline is further supported by surface measurements of atmospheric NO 2 mixing ratios. Additionally, the declining local concentrations of NO, CO, SO 2 are associated with an increase in ozone due to reduced titration by NO. In particular, regression analysis revealed that the reduction of NO 2 (0.3 ± 0.2 ppbv y -1 ) and SO 2 (0.2 ± 0.1 ppbv y -1 ) during the period 2000-2007, significantly accelerated during the economic crisis period (from 2008 onward), reaching 2.3 ± 0.2 ppbv y -1 and 0.7 ± 0.1 ppbv y -1 , respectively. The strong correlations between pollutant concentrations and economic indicators show that the economic recession has resulted in proportionally lower levels of pollutants in large parts of Greece.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Observed crustal uplift near the Southern Patagonian Icefield constrains improved viscoelastic Earth Models (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: [1]  Thirty–one GPS geodetic measurements of crustal uplift in southernmost South America determined extraordinarily high trend rates (〉 35 mm/yr) in the north–central part of the Southern Patagonian Icefield (SPI). These trends have a coherent pattern, motivating a refined viscoelastic glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model to explain the observations. Two end member models provide good fits: both require a lithospheric thickness of 36.5 ± 5.3 km. However, one end member has a mantle viscosity near η   =  1.6 × 10 18 Pa s and an ice collapse rate from the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum comparable to a lowest recent estimate of 1995–-2012 ice loss at about -11 Gt/yr. In contrast, the other end member has much larger viscosity: η   =  8.0 × 10 18 Pa s, half the post–LIA collapse rate, and a steadily rising loss rate in the 20 th century after AD 1943, reaching -25.9 Gt/yr during 1995–2012.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: The seasonal evolution of melt ponds has been well-documented on multiyear and landfast first-year sea ice, but is critically lacking on drifting, first-year sea ice, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in the Arctic. Using 1-meter resolution panchromatic satellite imagery paired with airborne and in situ data, we evaluated melt pond evolution for an entire melt season on drifting first-year and multiyear sea ice near the 2011 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station (APLIS) site in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. A new algorithm was developed to classify the imagery into sea ice, thin ice, melt pond, and open water classes on two contrasting ice types: first-year and multiyear sea ice. Surprisingly, melt ponds formed ∼3 weeks earlier on multiyear ice. Both ice types had comparable mean snow depths, but multiyear ice had 0 - 5-cm deep snow covering ∼37% of its surveyed area, which may have facilitated earlier melt due to its low surface albedo compared to thicker snow. Maximum pond fractions were 53 ± 3% and 38 ± 3% on first-year and multiyear ice, respectively. APLIS pond fractions were compared with those from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field campaign. APLIS exhibited earlier melt and double the maximum pond fraction, which was in part due to the greater presence of thin snow and first-year ice at APLIS. These results reveal considerable differences in pond formation between ice types, and underscore the importance of snow depth distributions in the timing and progression of melt pond formation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    A Case Study of a Transported Bromine Explosion Event in the Canadian High Arctic〉 (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: Ozone depletion events in the polar troposphere have been linked to extremely high concentrations of bromine, known as bromine explosion events (BEE). However the optimum meteorological conditions for the occurrence of these events remain uncertain. On 4–5 April 2011, a combination of both blowing snow and a stable shallow boundary layer was observed during a BEE at Eureka, Canada (86.4°W, 80.1°N). Measurements made by a Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) spectrometer were used to retrieve BrO profiles and partial columns. During this event, the near-surface BrO volume mixing ratio increased to ~20 pptv, while ozone was depleted to ~1 ppbv from the surface to 700 m. Back-trajectories and GOME-2 satellite tropospheric BrO columns confirmed that this event originated from a bromine explosion over the Beaufort Sea. From 30 to 31 March, meteorological data showed high wind speeds (24 m/s) and elevated boundary layer heights (~800 m) over the Beaufort Sea. Long-distance transportation (~1,800 km over five days) to Eureka indicated strong recycling of BrO within the bromine plume. This event was generally captured by a global chemistry-climate model when a sea-salt bromine source from blowing snow was included. A model sensitivity study indicated that the surface BrO at Eureka was controlled by both local photochemistry and boundary layer dynamics. Comparison of the model results with both ground-based and satellite measurements confirmed that the BEE observed at Eureka was triggered by transport of enhanced BrO from the Beaufort Sea followed by local production/recycling under stable atmospheric shallow boundary layer conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Surface freshening in the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin: An apparent consequence of recent change in the wind-driven circulation (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: Data collected by an autonomous ice-based observatory that drifted into the Eurasian Basin between April and November 2010 indicate that the upper ocean was appreciably fresher than in 2007 and 2008. Sea ice and snowmelt over the course of the 2010 drift amounted to an input of less than 0.5 m of liquid freshwater to the ocean (comparable to the freshening by melting estimated for those previous years), while the observed change in upper-ocean salinity over the melt period implies a freshwater gain of about 0.7 m. Results of a wind-driven ocean model corroborate the observations of freshening and suggest that unusually fresh surface waters observed in parts of the Eurasian Basin in 2010 may have been due to the spreading of anomalously fresh water previously residing in the Beaufort Gyre. This flux is likely associated with a 2009 shift in the large-scale atmospheric circulation to a significant reduction in strength of the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift Stream.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Observations of the Summer Breakup of an Arctic Sea Ice Cover (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: The Arctic sea ice cover evolves dramatically through the summer melt season. Floe size distribution (FSD) is a critical parameter used to examine this change as the ice cover transitions from large rectilinear plates in spring to an ensemble of discrete rounded floes by mid-summer. The FSD at a given time impacts the dynamic and thermodynamic behavior of the ice cover. Focusing on the seasonal marginal ice zone (MIZ) in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas from May until September 2014, we present qualitative and quantitative results derived from National Technical Means (NTM) high-resolution imagery and supported by ice mass balance buoy data. Results indicate that as melt accelerates, floe breaking pattern, and therefore FSD, is heavily influenced by the distribution of melt ponds. Discrete element model results using morphological conditions derived from analyzed satellite imagery, confirmed that breaking occurs along ponds and perpendicular to applied stress.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Sea ice circulation around the Beaufort Gyre: The changing role of wind forcing and the sea ice state (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-21
    Description: Sea ice drift estimates from feature tracking of satellite passive microwave data are used to investigate seasonal trends and variability in the ice circulation around the Beaufort Gyre, over the multi-decadal period 1980–2013. Our results suggest an amplified response of the Beaufort Gyre ice circulation to wind forcing, especially during the late 2000s. We find increasing anticyclonic ice drift across all seasons, with the strongest trend in autumn, associated with increased ice export out of the southern Beaufort Sea (into the Chukchi Sea). A flux gate analysis highlights consistency across a suite of drift products. Despite these seasonal anticyclonic ice drift trends, a significant anticyclonic wind trend occurs in summer only, driven, in-part, by anomalously anticyclonic winds in 2007. Across all seasons, the ice drift curl is more anticyclonic than predicted from a linear relationship to the wind curl in the 2000s, compared to the 1980s/1990s. The strength of this anticyclonic ice drift curl amplification is strongest in autumn and appears to have increased since the 1980s (up to 2010). In spring and summer, the ice drift curl amplification occurs mainly between 2007 and 2010. These results suggest non-linear ice interaction feedbacks (e.g. a weaker, more mobile sea ice pack), enhanced atmospheric drag, and/or an increased role of the ocean. The results also show a weakening of the anticyclonic wind and ice circulation since 2010. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Arctic Sea Ice Conditions in Spring 2009 - 2013 Prior to Melt (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-11-07
    Description: [1]  Measurements from NASA IceBridge airborne surveys in March/April 2009-2013 over the western Arctic Ocean are presented in the context of previous observations to assess changes in the characteristics of the sea ice cover during the last decade, taking into account spatial and temporal limitations in the available data. Following a precipitous drop in the amount and thickness of multiyear (MY) ice in 2007-2008, the characteristics of the ice cover have remained largely consistent through March 2013. The central Arctic continues to be dominated by MY ice with a mean and modal thickness of 3.2 m and 2.4 m, respectively. The southern Beaufort and Chukchi Sea region is a complex mixture of ~ 75% first-year (FY) ice and 25% MY ice. IceBridge observations indicate that the mean thickness in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas may have decreased from ~ 2.5 m to as low as 1.6 m over the 5-year period.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model Version 6 (WACCM6) (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) is a major update of the whole atmosphere modeling capability in the Community Earth System Model (CESM), featuring enhanced physical, chemical and aerosol parameterizations. This work describes WACCM6 and some of the important features of the model. WACCM6 can reproduce many modes of variability and trends in the middle atmosphere, including the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation, Stratospheric Sudden Warmings and the evolution of Southern Hemisphere springtime ozone depletion over the 20th century. WACCM6 can also reproduce the climate and temperature trends of the 20th century throughout the atmospheric column. The representation of the climate has improved in WACCM6, relative to WACCM4. In addition, there are improvements in high latitude climate variability at the surface and sea ice extent in WACCM6 over the lower top version of the model (CAM6) that come from the extended vertical domain and expanded aerosol chemistry in WACCM6, highlighting the importance of the stratosphere and tropospheric chemistry for high latitude climate variability.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Anticalins: Exploiting a non-Ig scaffold with hypervariable loops for the engineering of binding proteins (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-12
    Print ISSN: 0014-5793
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3468
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
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