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  • 1
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    Carbon stock and its responses to climate change in Central Asia (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-28
    Description: Central Asia has a land area of 5.6 × 10 6  km 2 and contains 80–90% of the world's temperate deserts. Yet it is one of the least characterized areas in the estimation of the global carbon (C) stock/balance. This study assessed the sizes and spatiotemporal patterns of C pools in Central Asia using both inventory (based on 353 biomass and 284 soil samples) and process-based modeling approaches. The results showed that the C stock in Central Asia was 31.34–34.16 Pg in the top 1-m soil with another 10.42–11.43 Pg stored in deep soil (1–3 m) of the temperate deserts. They amounted to 18–24% of the global C stock in deserts and dry shrublands. The C stock was comparable to that of the neighboring regions in Eurasia or major drylands around the world (e.g. Australia). However, 90% of Central Asia C pool was stored in soil, and the fraction was much higher than in other regions. Compared to hot deserts of the world, the temperate deserts in Central Asia had relatively high soil organic carbon density. The C stock in Central Asia is under threat from dramatic climate change. During a decadal drought between 1998 and 2008, which was possibly related to protracted La Niña episodes, the dryland lost approximately 0.46 Pg C from 1979 to 2011. The largest C losses were found in northern Kazakhstan, where annual precipitation declined at a rate of 90 mm decade −1 . The regional C dynamics were mainly determined by changes in the vegetation C pool, and the SOC pool was stable due to the balance between reduced plant-derived C influx and inhibited respiration.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Assessing SWAT's performance in the Kaskaskia River watershed as influenced by the number of calibration stations used (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-13
    Description: The Future Midwestern Landscapes (FML) project is part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's undertaken Ecosystem Services Research Program. The goal of the FML project is to quantify changes in ecosystem services across the region as a result of the growing demand for biofuels. Watershed models are an efficient way to quantify ecosystem services of water quality and quantity. By calibrating models we can better capture watershed characteristics before they are applied to make predictions. The Kaskaskia River watershed in Illinois was selected to investigate the effectiveness of different calibration strategies (single-site and multi-site calibrations) for streamflow, total suspended sediment (TSS) and total nitrogen (TN) loadings using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Four USGS gauges were evaluated in this study. Single-site calibration was performed from downstream site to upstream site, and multi-site calibration was performed and fine-tuned based on the single-site calibration results. Generally, simulated streamflow and TSS were not much affected by different calibration strategies. However, when single-site calibration was performed at the most downstream site, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values for TN ranged between -0.09 and 0.53 at the other sites; and when single-site calibration was performed at the most upstream site, the NSE values ranged between -8.38 and -0.07 for the other sites. The NSE values for TN were improved to 0.5 – 0.59 for all four sites when multi-site calibration was performed. The results of multi-site calibration and validation showed an improvement on model performance on TN and highlighted that multi-site calibrations are needed to assess the hydrological and water quality processes at various spatial scales. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 3
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    Interferon regulatory factor-1 as a positive regulator for high glucose-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-16
    Description: High glucose-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the development of diabetic vascular diseases. However, molecular mediators responding for the proliferation of VSMCs remain to be determined. In this study, VSMCs were isolated from the rat thoracic aorta, and two cell models with Irf-1 knockdown and overexpression were established by transfecting cells with pGCsi-FU-Irf-1 and pGC-FU-Irf-1 respectively. Subsequently high glucose was added to cells to induce proliferation. Proliferation assays were performed to see whether Irf-1 was involved in high glucose-induced proliferation of VSMCs. In addition, the expression of Irf-1 was detected in VSMCs stimulated with high glucose and the thoracic aorta of diabetic rats to confirm the relationship between Irf-1 expression and the proliferation of hyperglycemia-dependent VSMCs. The results showed that Irf-1 expression was significantly higher in the thoracic aorta of diabetic rats and VSMCs stimulated with high glucose than that in non-diabetic rats and untreated cells. Overexpression of Irf-1 accelerated the proliferation of VSMCs, and down-regulation of Irf-1 expression significantly depressed the proliferative ability of VSMCs under high-glucose conditions, indicating that Irf-1 was a positive regulator for high glucose-induced proliferation of VSMCs. It could be presumed that Irf-1 is associated with the accelerated proliferation of VSMCs in diabetic vascular diseases and may prove to be a potential target gene for disease treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 4
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    Interleukin-11 increases cell motility and up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human chondrosarcoma cells (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Interleukin-11 (IL-11) was originally identified as the cytokine that could induce the proliferation of human cells. Recent studies have shown that IL-11 plays a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Chondrosarcoma is a type of highly malignant tumor with a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis. However, the effects of IL-11 on human chondrosarcoma cells are largely unknown. Here we found that IL-11 increased the migration and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM)-1 in human chondrosarcoma cells. We also found that human chondrosarcoma tissues had significant expression of the IL-11 which was higher than that in primary chondrocytes. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and NF-κB pathways were activated by IL-11 treatment, and the IL-11-induced expression of ICAM-1 and migration activity were inhibited by the specific inhibitors and mutant forms of PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB cascades. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-11 enhanced the migration of the chondrosarcoma cells by increasing ICAM-1 expression through the IL-11Rα receptor, PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB signal transduction pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Exposure to benzidine caused apoptosis and malformation of telencephalon region in zebrafish (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-15
    Description: ABSTRACT Exposure to benzidine has been known to induce human cancers, particularly bladder carcinomas. In this study, the zebrafish model was used to investigate the developmental toxicity of benzidine. Embryos at 6 h postfertilization (hpf) that were exposed to benzidine exhibited embryonic death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Benzidine induced malformations in zebrafish, such as small brain development, shorter axes, and a slight pericardial edema. High concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µM) of benzidine triggered widespread apoptosis in the brain and dorsal neurons, as evidenced by acridine orange and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis also showed that benzidine treatment affected p53 , bax , and noxa expression. Decreases in specific brain markers, such as emx1 in the telencephalon, ngn1 in differentiated neurons, and otx2 in the midbrain, were observed in benzidine-treated embryos at 24 hpf. Conversely, no overt changes to pax2.1 expression in the midbrain–hindbrain boundary were found. Moreover, the use of Tg( HuC : GFP ) zebrafish showed that benzidine caused a malformation of the telencephalon region. Our findings show that benzidine exposure triggers widespread apoptosis in the zebrafish brain and dorsal neurons, resulting in the development of an abnormal telencephalon. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
    Print ISSN: 1520-4081
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-7278
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
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    Global features of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at the magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-13
    Description: [1]  We investigate the global features of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHW) at the low-latitude magnetopause for constant northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, using global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. The root integrated-power ( RIP ) of X component of bulk velocity is employed to analyze the magnetopause mode of KHW along the boundary layer. The RIP distribution of the outer KHW is much broader than that of the inner one, and the maximum amplitude of global KHW occurs near the dawn/dusk terminator regions. In the dayside magnetopause, the phase of the waveform at middle latitudes leads to that at low latitudes, while the situation reversed in the nightside. The global evolution of KHW phases is a representation of an interesting feature that the axis of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) vortex aligns with the geo-magnetic field lines. We suggest that the reported features may also exist in other KHW active regions with flow-sheared plasma.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    The role of clinical pharmacology across novel treatment modalities (2020)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-30
    Print ISSN: 0009-9236
    Electronic ISSN: 1532-6535
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Improvement in Fiber Testing of High-Modulus Single-Filament Materials (1985)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Ceramic Society.
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  • 9
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    Assessing SWAT's performance in the Kaskaskia River watershed as influenced by the number of calibration stations used (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: The Future Midwestern Landscapes (FML) project is part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Ecosystem Services Research Program. The goal of the FML project is to quantify changes in ecosystem services across the Midwestern region as a result of the growing demand for biofuels. Watershed models are an efficient way to quantify ecosystem services of water quality and quantity. By calibrating models, we can better capture watershed characteristics before they are applied to make predictions. The Kaskaskia River watershed in Illinois was selected to investigate the effectiveness of different calibration strategies (single-site and multi-site calibrations) for streamflow, total suspended sediment (TSS) and total nitrogen (TN) loadings using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Four USGS gauges were evaluated in this study. Single-site calibration was performed from a downstream site to an upstream site, and multi-site calibration was performed and fine-tuned based on the single-site calibration results. Generally, simulated streamflow and TSS were not much affected by different calibration strategies. However, when single-site calibration was performed at the most downstream site, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values for TN ranged between -0.09 and 0.53 at the other sites; and when single-site calibration was performed at the most upstream site, the NSE values ranged between -8.38 and -0.07 for the other sites. The NSE values for TN were improved to 0.5 - 0.59 for all four sites when multi-site calibration was performed. The results of the multi-site calibration and validation showed an improvement on model performance on TN and highlighted that multi-site calibrations are needed to assess the hydrological and water quality processes at various spatial scales. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 0885-6087
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-1085
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    A PK/PD Analysis of Circulating Biomarkers and Their Relationship to Tumor Response in Atezolizumab‐Treated non‐small Cell Lung Cancer Patients (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-04
    Print ISSN: 0009-9236
    Electronic ISSN: 1532-6535
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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